path: root/src/share/classes/sun/text/normalizer/UnicodeSet.java

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
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/*
 *******************************************************************************
 * (C) Copyright IBM Corp. and others, 1996-2009 - All Rights Reserved         *
 *                                                                             *
 * The original version of this source code and documentation is copyrighted   *
 * and owned by IBM, These materials are provided under terms of a License     *
 * Agreement between IBM and Sun. This technology is protected by multiple     *
 * US and International patents. This notice and attribution to IBM may not    *
 * to removed.                                                                 *
 *******************************************************************************
 */

package sun.text.normalizer;

import java.text.ParsePosition;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.TreeSet;

/**
 * A mutable set of Unicode characters and multicharacter strings.  Objects of this class
 * represent <em>character classes</em> used in regular expressions.
 * A character specifies a subset of Unicode code points.  Legal
 * code points are U+0000 to U+10FFFF, inclusive.
 *
 * <p>The UnicodeSet class is not designed to be subclassed.
 *
 * <p><code>UnicodeSet</code> supports two APIs. The first is the
 * <em>operand</em> API that allows the caller to modify the value of
 * a <code>UnicodeSet</code> object. It conforms to Java 2's
 * <code>java.util.Set</code> interface, although
 * <code>UnicodeSet</code> does not actually implement that
 * interface. All methods of <code>Set</code> are supported, with the
 * modification that they take a character range or single character
 * instead of an <code>Object</code>, and they take a
 * <code>UnicodeSet</code> instead of a <code>Collection</code>.  The
 * operand API may be thought of in terms of boolean logic: a boolean
 * OR is implemented by <code>add</code>, a boolean AND is implemented
 * by <code>retain</code>, a boolean XOR is implemented by
 * <code>complement</code> taking an argument, and a boolean NOT is
 * implemented by <code>complement</code> with no argument.  In terms
 * of traditional set theory function names, <code>add</code> is a
 * union, <code>retain</code> is an intersection, <code>remove</code>
 * is an asymmetric difference, and <code>complement</code> with no
 * argument is a set complement with respect to the superset range
 * <code>MIN_VALUE-MAX_VALUE</code>
 *
 * <p>The second API is the
 * <code>applyPattern()</code>/<code>toPattern()</code> API from the
 * <code>java.text.Format</code>-derived classes.  Unlike the
 * methods that add characters, add categories, and control the logic
 * of the set, the method <code>applyPattern()</code> sets all
 * attributes of a <code>UnicodeSet</code> at once, based on a
 * string pattern.
 *
 * <p><b>Pattern syntax</b></p>
 *
 * Patterns are accepted by the constructors and the
 * <code>applyPattern()</code> methods and returned by the
 * <code>toPattern()</code> method.  These patterns follow a syntax
 * similar to that employed by version 8 regular expression character
 * classes.  Here are some simple examples:
 *
 * <blockquote>
 *   <table>
 *     <tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="left"><code>[]</code></td>
 *       <td valign="top">No characters</td>
 *     </tr><tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="left"><code>[a]</code></td>
 *       <td valign="top">The character 'a'</td>
 *     </tr><tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="left"><code>[ae]</code></td>
 *       <td valign="top">The characters 'a' and 'e'</td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="left"><code>[a-e]</code></td>
 *       <td valign="top">The characters 'a' through 'e' inclusive, in Unicode code
 *       point order</td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="left"><code>[\\u4E01]</code></td>
 *       <td valign="top">The character U+4E01</td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="left"><code>[a{ab}{ac}]</code></td>
 *       <td valign="top">The character 'a' and the multicharacter strings &quot;ab&quot; and
 *       &quot;ac&quot;</td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="left"><code>[\p{Lu}]</code></td>
 *       <td valign="top">All characters in the general category Uppercase Letter</td>
 *     </tr>
 *   </table>
 * </blockquote>
 *
 * Any character may be preceded by a backslash in order to remove any special
 * meaning.  White space characters, as defined by UCharacterProperty.isRuleWhiteSpace(), are
 * ignored, unless they are escaped.
 *
 * <p>Property patterns specify a set of characters having a certain
 * property as defined by the Unicode standard.  Both the POSIX-like
 * "[:Lu:]" and the Perl-like syntax "\p{Lu}" are recognized.  For a
 * complete list of supported property patterns, see the User's Guide
 * for UnicodeSet at
 * <a href="http://www.icu-project.org/userguide/unicodeSet.html">
 * http://www.icu-project.org/userguide/unicodeSet.html</a>.
 * Actual determination of property data is defined by the underlying
 * Unicode database as implemented by UCharacter.
 *
 * <p>Patterns specify individual characters, ranges of characters, and
 * Unicode property sets.  When elements are concatenated, they
 * specify their union.  To complement a set, place a '^' immediately
 * after the opening '['.  Property patterns are inverted by modifying
 * their delimiters; "[:^foo]" and "\P{foo}".  In any other location,
 * '^' has no special meaning.
 *
 * <p>Ranges are indicated by placing two a '-' between two
 * characters, as in "a-z".  This specifies the range of all
 * characters from the left to the right, in Unicode order.  If the
 * left character is greater than or equal to the
 * right character it is a syntax error.  If a '-' occurs as the first
 * character after the opening '[' or '[^', or if it occurs as the
 * last character before the closing ']', then it is taken as a
 * literal.  Thus "[a\\-b]", "[-ab]", and "[ab-]" all indicate the same
 * set of three characters, 'a', 'b', and '-'.
 *
 * <p>Sets may be intersected using the '&' operator or the asymmetric
 * set difference may be taken using the '-' operator, for example,
 * "[[:L:]&[\\u0000-\\u0FFF]]" indicates the set of all Unicode letters
 * with values less than 4096.  Operators ('&' and '|') have equal
 * precedence and bind left-to-right.  Thus
 * "[[:L:]-[a-z]-[\\u0100-\\u01FF]]" is equivalent to
 * "[[[:L:]-[a-z]]-[\\u0100-\\u01FF]]".  This only really matters for
 * difference; intersection is commutative.
 *
 * <table>
 * <tr valign=top><td nowrap><code>[a]</code><td>The set containing 'a'
 * <tr valign=top><td nowrap><code>[a-z]</code><td>The set containing 'a'
 * through 'z' and all letters in between, in Unicode order
 * <tr valign=top><td nowrap><code>[^a-z]</code><td>The set containing
 * all characters but 'a' through 'z',
 * that is, U+0000 through 'a'-1 and 'z'+1 through U+10FFFF
 * <tr valign=top><td nowrap><code>[[<em>pat1</em>][<em>pat2</em>]]</code>
 * <td>The union of sets specified by <em>pat1</em> and <em>pat2</em>
 * <tr valign=top><td nowrap><code>[[<em>pat1</em>]&[<em>pat2</em>]]</code>
 * <td>The intersection of sets specified by <em>pat1</em> and <em>pat2</em>
 * <tr valign=top><td nowrap><code>[[<em>pat1</em>]-[<em>pat2</em>]]</code>
 * <td>The asymmetric difference of sets specified by <em>pat1</em> and
 * <em>pat2</em>
 * <tr valign=top><td nowrap><code>[:Lu:] or \p{Lu}</code>
 * <td>The set of characters having the specified
 * Unicode property; in
 * this case, Unicode uppercase letters
 * <tr valign=top><td nowrap><code>[:^Lu:] or \P{Lu}</code>
 * <td>The set of characters <em>not</em> having the given
 * Unicode property
 * </table>
 *
 * <p><b>Warning</b>: you cannot add an empty string ("") to a UnicodeSet.</p>
 *
 * <p><b>Formal syntax</b></p>
 *
 * <blockquote>
 *   <table>
 *     <tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="right"><code>pattern :=&nbsp; </code></td>
 *       <td valign="top"><code>('[' '^'? item* ']') |
 *       property</code></td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="right"><code>item :=&nbsp; </code></td>
 *       <td valign="top"><code>char | (char '-' char) | pattern-expr<br>
 *       </code></td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="right"><code>pattern-expr :=&nbsp; </code></td>
 *       <td valign="top"><code>pattern | pattern-expr pattern |
 *       pattern-expr op pattern<br>
 *       </code></td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="right"><code>op :=&nbsp; </code></td>
 *       <td valign="top"><code>'&amp;' | '-'<br>
 *       </code></td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="right"><code>special :=&nbsp; </code></td>
 *       <td valign="top"><code>'[' | ']' | '-'<br>
 *       </code></td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="right"><code>char :=&nbsp; </code></td>
 *       <td valign="top"><em>any character that is not</em><code> special<br>
 *       | ('\\' </code><em>any character</em><code>)<br>
 *       | ('&#92;u' hex hex hex hex)<br>
 *       </code></td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr align="top">
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="right"><code>hex :=&nbsp; </code></td>
 *       <td valign="top"><em>any character for which
 *       </em><code>Character.digit(c, 16)</code><em>
 *       returns a non-negative result</em></td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td nowrap valign="top" align="right"><code>property :=&nbsp; </code></td>
 *       <td valign="top"><em>a Unicode property set pattern</td>
 *     </tr>
 *   </table>
 *   <br>
 *   <table border="1">
 *     <tr>
 *       <td>Legend: <table>
 *         <tr>
 *           <td nowrap valign="top"><code>a := b</code></td>
 *           <td width="20" valign="top">&nbsp; </td>
 *           <td valign="top"><code>a</code> may be replaced by <code>b</code> </td>
 *         </tr>
 *         <tr>
 *           <td nowrap valign="top"><code>a?</code></td>
 *           <td valign="top"></td>
 *           <td valign="top">zero or one instance of <code>a</code><br>
 *           </td>
 *         </tr>
 *         <tr>
 *           <td nowrap valign="top"><code>a*</code></td>
 *           <td valign="top"></td>
 *           <td valign="top">one or more instances of <code>a</code><br>
 *           </td>
 *         </tr>
 *         <tr>
 *           <td nowrap valign="top"><code>a | b</code></td>
 *           <td valign="top"></td>
 *           <td valign="top">either <code>a</code> or <code>b</code><br>
 *           </td>
 *         </tr>
 *         <tr>
 *           <td nowrap valign="top"><code>'a'</code></td>
 *           <td valign="top"></td>
 *           <td valign="top">the literal string between the quotes </td>
 *         </tr>
 *       </table>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *   </table>
 * </blockquote>
 * <p>To iterate over contents of UnicodeSet, use UnicodeSetIterator class.
 *
 * @author Alan Liu
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 * @see UnicodeSetIterator
 */
public class UnicodeSet implements UnicodeMatcher {

    private static final int LOW = 0x000000; // LOW <= all valid values. ZERO for codepoints
    private static final int HIGH = 0x110000; // HIGH > all valid values. 10000 for code units.
                                             // 110000 for codepoints

    /**
     * Minimum value that can be stored in a UnicodeSet.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public static final int MIN_VALUE = LOW;

    /**
     * Maximum value that can be stored in a UnicodeSet.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public static final int MAX_VALUE = HIGH - 1;

    private int len;      // length used; list may be longer to minimize reallocs
    private int[] list;   // MUST be terminated with HIGH
    private int[] rangeList; // internal buffer
    private int[] buffer; // internal buffer

    // NOTE: normally the field should be of type SortedSet; but that is missing a public clone!!
    // is not private so that UnicodeSetIterator can get access
    TreeSet strings = new TreeSet();

    /**
     * The pattern representation of this set.  This may not be the
     * most economical pattern.  It is the pattern supplied to
     * applyPattern(), with variables substituted and whitespace
     * removed.  For sets constructed without applyPattern(), or
     * modified using the non-pattern API, this string will be null,
     * indicating that toPattern() must generate a pattern
     * representation from the inversion list.
     */
    private String pat = null;

    private static final int START_EXTRA = 16;         // initial storage. Must be >= 0
    private static final int GROW_EXTRA = START_EXTRA; // extra amount for growth. Must be >= 0

    /**
     * A set of all characters _except_ the second through last characters of
     * certain ranges.  These ranges are ranges of characters whose
     * properties are all exactly alike, e.g. CJK Ideographs from
     * U+4E00 to U+9FA5.
     */
    private static UnicodeSet INCLUSIONS[] = null;

    //----------------------------------------------------------------
    // Public API
    //----------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Constructs an empty set.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet() {
        list = new int[1 + START_EXTRA];
        list[len++] = HIGH;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a set containing the given range. If <code>end >
     * start</code> then an empty set is created.
     *
     * @param start first character, inclusive, of range
     * @param end last character, inclusive, of range
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet(int start, int end) {
        this();
        complement(start, end);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a set from the given pattern.  See the class description
     * for the syntax of the pattern language.  Whitespace is ignored.
     * @param pattern a string specifying what characters are in the set
     * @exception java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the pattern contains
     * a syntax error.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet(String pattern) {
        this();
        applyPattern(pattern, null, null, IGNORE_SPACE);
    }

    /**
     * Make this object represent the same set as <code>other</code>.
     * @param other a <code>UnicodeSet</code> whose value will be
     * copied to this object
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet set(UnicodeSet other) {
        list = (int[]) other.list.clone();
        len = other.len;
        pat = other.pat;
        strings = (TreeSet)other.strings.clone();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Modifies this set to represent the set specified by the given pattern.
     * See the class description for the syntax of the pattern language.
     * Whitespace is ignored.
     * @param pattern a string specifying what characters are in the set
     * @exception java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the pattern
     * contains a syntax error.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public final UnicodeSet applyPattern(String pattern) {
        return applyPattern(pattern, null, null, IGNORE_SPACE);
    }

    /**
     * Append the <code>toPattern()</code> representation of a
     * string to the given <code>StringBuffer</code>.
     */
    private static void _appendToPat(StringBuffer buf, String s, boolean escapeUnprintable) {
        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i += UTF16.getCharCount(i)) {
            _appendToPat(buf, UTF16.charAt(s, i), escapeUnprintable);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Append the <code>toPattern()</code> representation of a
     * character to the given <code>StringBuffer</code>.
     */
    private static void _appendToPat(StringBuffer buf, int c, boolean escapeUnprintable) {
        if (escapeUnprintable && Utility.isUnprintable(c)) {
            // Use hex escape notation (<backslash>uxxxx or <backslash>Uxxxxxxxx) for anything
            // unprintable
            if (Utility.escapeUnprintable(buf, c)) {
                return;
            }
        }
        // Okay to let ':' pass through
        switch (c) {
        case '[': // SET_OPEN:
        case ']': // SET_CLOSE:
        case '-': // HYPHEN:
        case '^': // COMPLEMENT:
        case '&': // INTERSECTION:
        case '\\': //BACKSLASH:
        case '{':
        case '}':
        case '$':
        case ':':
            buf.append('\\');
            break;
        default:
            // Escape whitespace
            if (UCharacterProperty.isRuleWhiteSpace(c)) {
                buf.append('\\');
            }
            break;
        }
        UTF16.append(buf, c);
    }

    /**
     * Append a string representation of this set to result.  This will be
     * a cleaned version of the string passed to applyPattern(), if there
     * is one.  Otherwise it will be generated.
     */
    private StringBuffer _toPattern(StringBuffer result,
                                    boolean escapeUnprintable) {
        if (pat != null) {
            int i;
            int backslashCount = 0;
            for (i=0; i<pat.length(); ) {
                int c = UTF16.charAt(pat, i);
                i += UTF16.getCharCount(c);
                if (escapeUnprintable && Utility.isUnprintable(c)) {
                    // If the unprintable character is preceded by an odd
                    // number of backslashes, then it has been escaped.
                    // Before unescaping it, we delete the final
                    // backslash.
                    if ((backslashCount % 2) == 1) {
                        result.setLength(result.length() - 1);
                    }
                    Utility.escapeUnprintable(result, c);
                    backslashCount = 0;
                } else {
                    UTF16.append(result, c);
                    if (c == '\\') {
                        ++backslashCount;
                    } else {
                        backslashCount = 0;
                    }
                }
            }
            return result;
        }

        return _generatePattern(result, escapeUnprintable, true);
    }

    /**
     * Generate and append a string representation of this set to result.
     * This does not use this.pat, the cleaned up copy of the string
     * passed to applyPattern().
     * @param includeStrings if false, doesn't include the strings.
     * @stable ICU 3.8
     */
    public StringBuffer _generatePattern(StringBuffer result,
                                         boolean escapeUnprintable, boolean includeStrings) {
        result.append('[');

        int count = getRangeCount();

        // If the set contains at least 2 intervals and includes both
        // MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE, then the inverse representation will
        // be more economical.
        if (count > 1 &&
            getRangeStart(0) == MIN_VALUE &&
            getRangeEnd(count-1) == MAX_VALUE) {

            // Emit the inverse
            result.append('^');

            for (int i = 1; i < count; ++i) {
                int start = getRangeEnd(i-1)+1;
                int end = getRangeStart(i)-1;
                _appendToPat(result, start, escapeUnprintable);
                if (start != end) {
                    if ((start+1) != end) {
                        result.append('-');
                    }
                    _appendToPat(result, end, escapeUnprintable);
                }
            }
        }

        // Default; emit the ranges as pairs
        else {
            for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
                int start = getRangeStart(i);
                int end = getRangeEnd(i);
                _appendToPat(result, start, escapeUnprintable);
                if (start != end) {
                    if ((start+1) != end) {
                        result.append('-');
                    }
                    _appendToPat(result, end, escapeUnprintable);
                }
            }
        }

        if (includeStrings && strings.size() > 0) {
            Iterator it = strings.iterator();
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                result.append('{');
                _appendToPat(result, (String) it.next(), escapeUnprintable);
                result.append('}');
            }
        }
        return result.append(']');
    }

    // for internal use, after checkFrozen has been called
    private UnicodeSet add_unchecked(int start, int end) {
        if (start < MIN_VALUE || start > MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid code point U+" + Utility.hex(start, 6));
        }
        if (end < MIN_VALUE || end > MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid code point U+" + Utility.hex(end, 6));
        }
        if (start < end) {
            add(range(start, end), 2, 0);
        } else if (start == end) {
            add(start);
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified character to this set if it is not already
     * present.  If this set already contains the specified character,
     * the call leaves this set unchanged.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public final UnicodeSet add(int c) {
        return add_unchecked(c);
    }

    // for internal use only, after checkFrozen has been called
    private final UnicodeSet add_unchecked(int c) {
        if (c < MIN_VALUE || c > MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid code point U+" + Utility.hex(c, 6));
        }

        // find smallest i such that c < list[i]
        // if odd, then it is IN the set
        // if even, then it is OUT of the set
        int i = findCodePoint(c);

        // already in set?
        if ((i & 1) != 0) return this;

        // HIGH is 0x110000
        // assert(list[len-1] == HIGH);

        // empty = [HIGH]
        // [start_0, limit_0, start_1, limit_1, HIGH]

        // [..., start_k-1, limit_k-1, start_k, limit_k, ..., HIGH]
        //                             ^
        //                             list[i]

        // i == 0 means c is before the first range

        if (c == list[i]-1) {
            // c is before start of next range
            list[i] = c;
            // if we touched the HIGH mark, then add a new one
            if (c == MAX_VALUE) {
                ensureCapacity(len+1);
                list[len++] = HIGH;
            }
            if (i > 0 && c == list[i-1]) {
                // collapse adjacent ranges

                // [..., start_k-1, c, c, limit_k, ..., HIGH]
                //                     ^
                //                     list[i]
                System.arraycopy(list, i+1, list, i-1, len-i-1);
                len -= 2;
            }
        }

        else if (i > 0 && c == list[i-1]) {
            // c is after end of prior range
            list[i-1]++;
            // no need to chcek for collapse here
        }

        else {
            // At this point we know the new char is not adjacent to
            // any existing ranges, and it is not 10FFFF.


            // [..., start_k-1, limit_k-1, start_k, limit_k, ..., HIGH]
            //                             ^
            //                             list[i]

            // [..., start_k-1, limit_k-1, c, c+1, start_k, limit_k, ..., HIGH]
            //                             ^
            //                             list[i]

            // Don't use ensureCapacity() to save on copying.
            // NOTE: This has no measurable impact on performance,
            // but it might help in some usage patterns.
            if (len+2 > list.length) {
                int[] temp = new int[len + 2 + GROW_EXTRA];
                if (i != 0) System.arraycopy(list, 0, temp, 0, i);
                System.arraycopy(list, i, temp, i+2, len-i);
                list = temp;
            } else {
                System.arraycopy(list, i, list, i+2, len-i);
            }

            list[i] = c;
            list[i+1] = c+1;
            len += 2;
        }

        pat = null;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified multicharacter to this set if it is not already
     * present.  If this set already contains the multicharacter,
     * the call leaves this set unchanged.
     * Thus "ch" => {"ch"}
     * <br><b>Warning: you cannot add an empty string ("") to a UnicodeSet.</b>
     * @param s the source string
     * @return this object, for chaining
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public final UnicodeSet add(String s) {
        int cp = getSingleCP(s);
        if (cp < 0) {
            strings.add(s);
            pat = null;
        } else {
            add_unchecked(cp, cp);
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * @return a code point IF the string consists of a single one.
     * otherwise returns -1.
     * @param string to test
     */
    private static int getSingleCP(String s) {
        if (s.length() < 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't use zero-length strings in UnicodeSet");
        }
        if (s.length() > 2) return -1;
        if (s.length() == 1) return s.charAt(0);

        // at this point, len = 2
        int cp = UTF16.charAt(s, 0);
        if (cp > 0xFFFF) { // is surrogate pair
            return cp;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Complements the specified range in this set.  Any character in
     * the range will be removed if it is in this set, or will be
     * added if it is not in this set.  If <code>end > start</code>
     * then an empty range is complemented, leaving the set unchanged.
     *
     * @param start first character, inclusive, of range to be removed
     * from this set.
     * @param end last character, inclusive, of range to be removed
     * from this set.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet complement(int start, int end) {
        if (start < MIN_VALUE || start > MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid code point U+" + Utility.hex(start, 6));
        }
        if (end < MIN_VALUE || end > MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid code point U+" + Utility.hex(end, 6));
        }
        if (start <= end) {
            xor(range(start, end), 2, 0);
        }
        pat = null;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * This is equivalent to
     * <code>complement(MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE)</code>.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet complement() {
        if (list[0] == LOW) {
            System.arraycopy(list, 1, list, 0, len-1);
            --len;
        } else {
            ensureCapacity(len+1);
            System.arraycopy(list, 0, list, 1, len);
            list[0] = LOW;
            ++len;
        }
        pat = null;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this set contains the given character.
     * @param c character to be checked for containment
     * @return true if the test condition is met
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public boolean contains(int c) {
        if (c < MIN_VALUE || c > MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid code point U+" + Utility.hex(c, 6));
        }

        /*
        // Set i to the index of the start item greater than ch
        // We know we will terminate without length test!
        int i = -1;
        while (true) {
            if (c < list[++i]) break;
        }
        */

        int i = findCodePoint(c);

        return ((i & 1) != 0); // return true if odd
    }

    /**
     * Returns the smallest value i such that c < list[i].  Caller
     * must ensure that c is a legal value or this method will enter
     * an infinite loop.  This method performs a binary search.
     * @param c a character in the range MIN_VALUE..MAX_VALUE
     * inclusive
     * @return the smallest integer i in the range 0..len-1,
     * inclusive, such that c < list[i]
     */
    private final int findCodePoint(int c) {
        /* Examples:
                                           findCodePoint(c)
           set              list[]         c=0 1 3 4 7 8
           ===              ==============   ===========
           []               [110000]         0 0 0 0 0 0
           [\u0000-\u0003]  [0, 4, 110000]   1 1 1 2 2 2
           [\u0004-\u0007]  [4, 8, 110000]   0 0 0 1 1 2
           [:all:]          [0, 110000]      1 1 1 1 1 1
         */

        // Return the smallest i such that c < list[i].  Assume
        // list[len - 1] == HIGH and that c is legal (0..HIGH-1).
        if (c < list[0]) return 0;
        // High runner test.  c is often after the last range, so an
        // initial check for this condition pays off.
        if (len >= 2 && c >= list[len-2]) return len-1;
        int lo = 0;
        int hi = len - 1;
        // invariant: c >= list[lo]
        // invariant: c < list[hi]
        for (;;) {
            int i = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
            if (i == lo) return hi;
            if (c < list[i]) {
                hi = i;
            } else {
                lo = i;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds all of the elements in the specified set to this set if
     * they're not already present.  This operation effectively
     * modifies this set so that its value is the <i>union</i> of the two
     * sets.  The behavior of this operation is unspecified if the specified
     * collection is modified while the operation is in progress.
     *
     * @param c set whose elements are to be added to this set.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet addAll(UnicodeSet c) {
        add(c.list, c.len, 0);
        strings.addAll(c.strings);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Retains only the elements in this set that are contained in the
     * specified set.  In other words, removes from this set all of
     * its elements that are not contained in the specified set.  This
     * operation effectively modifies this set so that its value is
     * the <i>intersection</i> of the two sets.
     *
     * @param c set that defines which elements this set will retain.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet retainAll(UnicodeSet c) {
        retain(c.list, c.len, 0);
        strings.retainAll(c.strings);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Removes from this set all of its elements that are contained in the
     * specified set.  This operation effectively modifies this
     * set so that its value is the <i>asymmetric set difference</i> of
     * the two sets.
     *
     * @param c set that defines which elements will be removed from
     *          this set.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet removeAll(UnicodeSet c) {
        retain(c.list, c.len, 2);
        strings.removeAll(c.strings);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Removes all of the elements from this set.  This set will be
     * empty after this call returns.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public UnicodeSet clear() {
        list[0] = HIGH;
        len = 1;
        pat = null;
        strings.clear();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Iteration method that returns the number of ranges contained in
     * this set.
     * @see #getRangeStart
     * @see #getRangeEnd
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public int getRangeCount() {
        return len/2;
    }

    /**
     * Iteration method that returns the first character in the
     * specified range of this set.
     * @exception ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is outside
     * the range <code>0..getRangeCount()-1</code>
     * @see #getRangeCount
     * @see #getRangeEnd
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public int getRangeStart(int index) {
        return list[index*2];
    }

    /**
     * Iteration method that returns the last character in the
     * specified range of this set.
     * @exception ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is outside
     * the range <code>0..getRangeCount()-1</code>
     * @see #getRangeStart
     * @see #getRangeEnd
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    public int getRangeEnd(int index) {
        return (list[index*2 + 1] - 1);
    }

    //----------------------------------------------------------------
    // Implementation: Pattern parsing
    //----------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Parses the given pattern, starting at the given position.  The character
     * at pattern.charAt(pos.getIndex()) must be '[', or the parse fails.
     * Parsing continues until the corresponding closing ']'.  If a syntax error
     * is encountered between the opening and closing brace, the parse fails.
     * Upon return from a successful parse, the ParsePosition is updated to
     * point to the character following the closing ']', and an inversion
     * list for the parsed pattern is returned.  This method
     * calls itself recursively to parse embedded subpatterns.
     *
     * @param pattern the string containing the pattern to be parsed.  The
     * portion of the string from pos.getIndex(), which must be a '[', to the
     * corresponding closing ']', is parsed.
     * @param pos upon entry, the position at which to being parsing.  The
     * character at pattern.charAt(pos.getIndex()) must be a '['.  Upon return
     * from a successful parse, pos.getIndex() is either the character after the
     * closing ']' of the parsed pattern, or pattern.length() if the closing ']'
     * is the last character of the pattern string.
     * @return an inversion list for the parsed substring
     * of <code>pattern</code>
     * @exception java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the parse fails.
     */
    UnicodeSet applyPattern(String pattern,
                      ParsePosition pos,
                      SymbolTable symbols,
                      int options) {

        // Need to build the pattern in a temporary string because
        // _applyPattern calls add() etc., which set pat to empty.
        boolean parsePositionWasNull = pos == null;
        if (parsePositionWasNull) {
            pos = new ParsePosition(0);
        }

        StringBuffer rebuiltPat = new StringBuffer();
        RuleCharacterIterator chars =
            new RuleCharacterIterator(pattern, symbols, pos);
        applyPattern(chars, symbols, rebuiltPat, options);
        if (chars.inVariable()) {
            syntaxError(chars, "Extra chars in variable value");
        }
        pat = rebuiltPat.toString();
        if (parsePositionWasNull) {
            int i = pos.getIndex();

            // Skip over trailing whitespace
            if ((options & IGNORE_SPACE) != 0) {
                i = Utility.skipWhitespace(pattern, i);
            }

            if (i != pattern.length()) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parse of \"" + pattern +
                                                   "\" failed at " + i);
            }
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Parse the pattern from the given RuleCharacterIterator.  The
     * iterator is advanced over the parsed pattern.
     * @param chars iterator over the pattern characters.  Upon return
     * it will be advanced to the first character after the parsed
     * pattern, or the end of the iteration if all characters are
     * parsed.
     * @param symbols symbol table to use to parse and dereference
     * variables, or null if none.
     * @param rebuiltPat the pattern that was parsed, rebuilt or
     * copied from the input pattern, as appropriate.
     * @param options a bit mask of zero or more of the following:
     * IGNORE_SPACE, CASE.
     */
    void applyPattern(RuleCharacterIterator chars, SymbolTable symbols,
                      StringBuffer rebuiltPat, int options) {
        // Syntax characters: [ ] ^ - & { }

        // Recognized special forms for chars, sets: c-c s-s s&s

        int opts = RuleCharacterIterator.PARSE_VARIABLES |
                   RuleCharacterIterator.PARSE_ESCAPES;
        if ((options & IGNORE_SPACE) != 0) {
            opts |= RuleCharacterIterator.SKIP_WHITESPACE;
        }

        StringBuffer patBuf = new StringBuffer(), buf = null;
        boolean usePat = false;
        UnicodeSet scratch = null;
        Object backup = null;

        // mode: 0=before [, 1=between [...], 2=after ]
        // lastItem: 0=none, 1=char, 2=set
        int lastItem = 0, lastChar = 0, mode = 0;
        char op = 0;

        boolean invert = false;

        clear();

        while (mode != 2 && !chars.atEnd()) {
            if (false) {
                // Debugging assertion
                if (!((lastItem == 0 && op == 0) ||
                      (lastItem == 1 && (op == 0 || op == '-')) ||
                      (lastItem == 2 && (op == 0 || op == '-' || op == '&')))) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException();
                }
            }

            int c = 0;
            boolean literal = false;
            UnicodeSet nested = null;

            // -------- Check for property pattern

            // setMode: 0=none, 1=unicodeset, 2=propertypat, 3=preparsed
            int setMode = 0;
            if (resemblesPropertyPattern(chars, opts)) {
                setMode = 2;
            }

            // -------- Parse '[' of opening delimiter OR nested set.
            // If there is a nested set, use `setMode' to define how
            // the set should be parsed.  If the '[' is part of the
            // opening delimiter for this pattern, parse special
            // strings "[", "[^", "[-", and "[^-".  Check for stand-in
            // characters representing a nested set in the symbol
            // table.

            else {
                // Prepare to backup if necessary
                backup = chars.getPos(backup);
                c = chars.next(opts);
                literal = chars.isEscaped();

                if (c == '[' && !literal) {
                    if (mode == 1) {
                        chars.setPos(backup); // backup
                        setMode = 1;
                    } else {
                        // Handle opening '[' delimiter
                        mode = 1;
                        patBuf.append('[');
                        backup = chars.getPos(backup); // prepare to backup
                        c = chars.next(opts);
                        literal = chars.isEscaped();
                        if (c == '^' && !literal) {
                            invert = true;
                            patBuf.append('^');
                            backup = chars.getPos(backup); // prepare to backup
                            c = chars.next(opts);
                            literal = chars.isEscaped();
                        }
                        // Fall through to handle special leading '-';
                        // otherwise restart loop for nested [], \p{}, etc.
                        if (c == '-') {
                            literal = true;
                            // Fall through to handle literal '-' below
                        } else {
                            chars.setPos(backup); // backup
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                } else if (symbols != null) {
                     UnicodeMatcher m = symbols.lookupMatcher(c); // may be null
                     if (m != null) {
                         try {
                             nested = (UnicodeSet) m;
                             setMode = 3;
                         } catch (ClassCastException e) {
                             syntaxError(chars, "Syntax error");
                         }
                     }
                }
            }

            // -------- Handle a nested set.  This either is inline in
            // the pattern or represented by a stand-in that has
            // previously been parsed and was looked up in the symbol
            // table.

            if (setMode != 0) {
                if (lastItem == 1) {
                    if (op != 0) {
                        syntaxError(chars, "Char expected after operator");
                    }
                    add_unchecked(lastChar, lastChar);
                    _appendToPat(patBuf, lastChar, false);
                    lastItem = op = 0;
                }

                if (op == '-' || op == '&') {
                    patBuf.append(op);
                }

                if (nested == null) {
                    if (scratch == null) scratch = new UnicodeSet();
                    nested = scratch;
                }
                switch (setMode) {
                case 1:
                    nested.applyPattern(chars, symbols, patBuf, options);
                    break;
                case 2:
                    chars.skipIgnored(opts);
                    nested.applyPropertyPattern(chars, patBuf, symbols);
                    break;
                case 3: // `nested' already parsed
                    nested._toPattern(patBuf, false);
                    break;
                }

                usePat = true;

                if (mode == 0) {
                    // Entire pattern is a category; leave parse loop
                    set(nested);
                    mode = 2;
                    break;
                }

                switch (op) {
                case '-':
                    removeAll(nested);
                    break;
                case '&':
                    retainAll(nested);
                    break;
                case 0:
                    addAll(nested);
                    break;
                }

                op = 0;
                lastItem = 2;

                continue;
            }

            if (mode == 0) {
                syntaxError(chars, "Missing '['");
            }

            // -------- Parse special (syntax) characters.  If the
            // current character is not special, or if it is escaped,
            // then fall through and handle it below.

            if (!literal) {
                switch (c) {
                case ']':
                    if (lastItem == 1) {
                        add_unchecked(lastChar, lastChar);
                        _appendToPat(patBuf, lastChar, false);
                    }
                    // Treat final trailing '-' as a literal
                    if (op == '-') {
                        add_unchecked(op, op);
                        patBuf.append(op);
                    } else if (op == '&') {
                        syntaxError(chars, "Trailing '&'");
                    }
                    patBuf.append(']');
                    mode = 2;
                    continue;
                case '-':
                    if (op == 0) {
                        if (lastItem != 0) {
                            op = (char) c;
                            continue;
                        } else {
                            // Treat final trailing '-' as a literal
                            add_unchecked(c, c);
                            c = chars.next(opts);
                            literal = chars.isEscaped();
                            if (c == ']' && !literal) {
                                patBuf.append("-]");
                                mode = 2;
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    syntaxError(chars, "'-' not after char or set");
                case '&':
                    if (lastItem == 2 && op == 0) {
                        op = (char) c;
                        continue;
                    }
                    syntaxError(chars, "'&' not after set");
                case '^':
                    syntaxError(chars, "'^' not after '['");
                case '{':
                    if (op != 0) {
                        syntaxError(chars, "Missing operand after operator");
                    }
                    if (lastItem == 1) {
                        add_unchecked(lastChar, lastChar);
                        _appendToPat(patBuf, lastChar, false);
                    }
                    lastItem = 0;
                    if (buf == null) {
                        buf = new StringBuffer();
                    } else {
                        buf.setLength(0);
                    }
                    boolean ok = false;
                    while (!chars.atEnd()) {
                        c = chars.next(opts);
                        literal = chars.isEscaped();
                        if (c == '}' && !literal) {
                            ok = true;
                            break;
                        }
                        UTF16.append(buf, c);
                    }
                    if (buf.length() < 1 || !ok) {
                        syntaxError(chars, "Invalid multicharacter string");
                    }
                    // We have new string. Add it to set and continue;
                    // we don't need to drop through to the further
                    // processing
                    add(buf.toString());
                    patBuf.append('{');
                    _appendToPat(patBuf, buf.toString(), false);
                    patBuf.append('}');
                    continue;
                case SymbolTable.SYMBOL_REF:
                    //         symbols  nosymbols
                    // [a-$]   error    error (ambiguous)
                    // [a$]    anchor   anchor
                    // [a-$x]  var "x"* literal '$'
                    // [a-$.]  error    literal '$'
                    // *We won't get here in the case of var "x"
                    backup = chars.getPos(backup);
                    c = chars.next(opts);
                    literal = chars.isEscaped();
                    boolean anchor = (c == ']' && !literal);
                    if (symbols == null && !anchor) {
                        c = SymbolTable.SYMBOL_REF;
                        chars.setPos(backup);
                        break; // literal '$'
                    }
                    if (anchor && op == 0) {
                        if (lastItem == 1) {
                            add_unchecked(lastChar, lastChar);
                            _appendToPat(patBuf, lastChar, false);
                        }
                        add_unchecked(UnicodeMatcher.ETHER);
                        usePat = true;
                        patBuf.append(SymbolTable.SYMBOL_REF).append(']');
                        mode = 2;
                        continue;
                    }
                    syntaxError(chars, "Unquoted '$'");
                default:
                    break;
                }
            }

            // -------- Parse literal characters.  This includes both
            // escaped chars ("\u4E01") and non-syntax characters
            // ("a").

            switch (lastItem) {
            case 0:
                lastItem = 1;
                lastChar = c;
                break;
            case 1:
                if (op == '-') {
                    if (lastChar >= c) {
                        // Don't allow redundant (a-a) or empty (b-a) ranges;
                        // these are most likely typos.
                        syntaxError(chars, "Invalid range");
                    }
                    add_unchecked(lastChar, c);
                    _appendToPat(patBuf, lastChar, false);
                    patBuf.append(op);
                    _appendToPat(patBuf, c, false);
                    lastItem = op = 0;
                } else {
                    add_unchecked(lastChar, lastChar);
                    _appendToPat(patBuf, lastChar, false);
                    lastChar = c;
                }
                break;
            case 2:
                if (op != 0) {
                    syntaxError(chars, "Set expected after operator");
                }
                lastChar = c;
                lastItem = 1;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (mode != 2) {
            syntaxError(chars, "Missing ']'");
        }

        chars.skipIgnored(opts);

        if (invert) {
            complement();
        }

        // Use the rebuilt pattern (pat) only if necessary.  Prefer the
        // generated pattern.
        if (usePat) {
            rebuiltPat.append(patBuf.toString());
        } else {
            _generatePattern(rebuiltPat, false, true);
        }
    }

    private static void syntaxError(RuleCharacterIterator chars, String msg) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Error: " + msg + " at \"" +
                                           Utility.escape(chars.toString()) +
                                           '"');
    }

    //----------------------------------------------------------------
    // Implementation: Utility methods
    //----------------------------------------------------------------

    private void ensureCapacity(int newLen) {
        if (newLen <= list.length) return;
        int[] temp = new int[newLen + GROW_EXTRA];
        System.arraycopy(list, 0, temp, 0, len);
        list = temp;
    }

    private void ensureBufferCapacity(int newLen) {
        if (buffer != null && newLen <= buffer.length) return;
        buffer = new int[newLen + GROW_EXTRA];
    }

    /**
     * Assumes start <= end.
     */
    private int[] range(int start, int end) {
        if (rangeList == null) {
            rangeList = new int[] { start, end+1, HIGH };
        } else {
            rangeList[0] = start;
            rangeList[1] = end+1;
        }
        return rangeList;
    }

    //----------------------------------------------------------------
    // Implementation: Fundamental operations
    //----------------------------------------------------------------

    // polarity = 0, 3 is normal: x xor y
    // polarity = 1, 2: x xor ~y == x === y

    private UnicodeSet xor(int[] other, int otherLen, int polarity) {
        ensureBufferCapacity(len + otherLen);
        int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
        int a = list[i++];
        int b;
        if (polarity == 1 || polarity == 2) {
            b = LOW;
            if (other[j] == LOW) { // skip base if already LOW
                ++j;
                b = other[j];
            }
        } else {
            b = other[j++];
        }
        // simplest of all the routines
        // sort the values, discarding identicals!
        while (true) {
            if (a < b) {
                buffer[k++] = a;
                a = list[i++];
            } else if (b < a) {
                buffer[k++] = b;
                b = other[j++];
            } else if (a != HIGH) { // at this point, a == b
                // discard both values!
                a = list[i++];
                b = other[j++];
            } else { // DONE!
                buffer[k++] = HIGH;
                len = k;
                break;
            }
        }
        // swap list and buffer
        int[] temp = list;
        list = buffer;
        buffer = temp;
        pat = null;
        return this;
    }

    // polarity = 0 is normal: x union y
    // polarity = 2: x union ~y
    // polarity = 1: ~x union y
    // polarity = 3: ~x union ~y

    private UnicodeSet add(int[] other, int otherLen, int polarity) {
        ensureBufferCapacity(len + otherLen);
        int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
        int a = list[i++];
        int b = other[j++];
        // change from xor is that we have to check overlapping pairs
        // polarity bit 1 means a is second, bit 2 means b is.
        main:
        while (true) {
            switch (polarity) {
              case 0: // both first; take lower if unequal
                if (a < b) { // take a
                    // Back up over overlapping ranges in buffer[]
                    if (k > 0 && a <= buffer[k-1]) {
                        // Pick latter end value in buffer[] vs. list[]
                        a = max(list[i], buffer[--k]);
                    } else {
                        // No overlap
                        buffer[k++] = a;
                        a = list[i];
                    }
                    i++; // Common if/else code factored out
                    polarity ^= 1;
                } else if (b < a) { // take b
                    if (k > 0 && b <= buffer[k-1]) {
                        b = max(other[j], buffer[--k]);
                    } else {
                        buffer[k++] = b;
                        b = other[j];
                    }
                    j++;
                    polarity ^= 2;
                } else { // a == b, take a, drop b
                    if (a == HIGH) break main;
                    // This is symmetrical; it doesn't matter if
                    // we backtrack with a or b. - liu
                    if (k > 0 && a <= buffer[k-1]) {
                        a = max(list[i], buffer[--k]);
                    } else {
                        // No overlap
                        buffer[k++] = a;
                        a = list[i];
                    }
                    i++;
                    polarity ^= 1;
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                }
                break;
              case 3: // both second; take higher if unequal, and drop other
                if (b <= a) { // take a
                    if (a == HIGH) break main;
                    buffer[k++] = a;
                } else { // take b
                    if (b == HIGH) break main;
                    buffer[k++] = b;
                }
                a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;   // factored common code
                b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                break;
              case 1: // a second, b first; if b < a, overlap
                if (a < b) { // no overlap, take a
                    buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                } else if (b < a) { // OVERLAP, drop b
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                } else { // a == b, drop both!
                    if (a == HIGH) break main;
                    a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                }
                break;
              case 2: // a first, b second; if a < b, overlap
                if (b < a) { // no overlap, take b
                    buffer[k++] = b; b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                } else  if (a < b) { // OVERLAP, drop a
                    a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                } else { // a == b, drop both!
                    if (a == HIGH) break main;
                    a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
        buffer[k++] = HIGH;    // terminate
        len = k;
        // swap list and buffer
        int[] temp = list;
        list = buffer;
        buffer = temp;
        pat = null;
        return this;
    }

    // polarity = 0 is normal: x intersect y
    // polarity = 2: x intersect ~y == set-minus
    // polarity = 1: ~x intersect y
    // polarity = 3: ~x intersect ~y

    private UnicodeSet retain(int[] other, int otherLen, int polarity) {
        ensureBufferCapacity(len + otherLen);
        int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
        int a = list[i++];
        int b = other[j++];
        // change from xor is that we have to check overlapping pairs
        // polarity bit 1 means a is second, bit 2 means b is.
        main:
        while (true) {
            switch (polarity) {
              case 0: // both first; drop the smaller
                if (a < b) { // drop a
                    a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                } else if (b < a) { // drop b
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                } else { // a == b, take one, drop other
                    if (a == HIGH) break main;
                    buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                }
                break;
              case 3: // both second; take lower if unequal
                if (a < b) { // take a
                    buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                } else if (b < a) { // take b
                    buffer[k++] = b; b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                } else { // a == b, take one, drop other
                    if (a == HIGH) break main;
                    buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                }
                break;
              case 1: // a second, b first;
                if (a < b) { // NO OVERLAP, drop a
                    a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                } else if (b < a) { // OVERLAP, take b
                    buffer[k++] = b; b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                } else { // a == b, drop both!
                    if (a == HIGH) break main;
                    a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                }
                break;
              case 2: // a first, b second; if a < b, overlap
                if (b < a) { // no overlap, drop b
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                } else  if (a < b) { // OVERLAP, take a
                    buffer[k++] = a; a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                } else { // a == b, drop both!
                    if (a == HIGH) break main;
                    a = list[i++]; polarity ^= 1;
                    b = other[j++]; polarity ^= 2;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
        buffer[k++] = HIGH;    // terminate
        len = k;
        // swap list and buffer
        int[] temp = list;
        list = buffer;
        buffer = temp;
        pat = null;
        return this;
    }

    private static final int max(int a, int b) {
        return (a > b) ? a : b;
    }

    //----------------------------------------------------------------
    // Generic filter-based scanning code
    //----------------------------------------------------------------

    private static interface Filter {
        boolean contains(int codePoint);
    }

    // VersionInfo for unassigned characters
    static final VersionInfo NO_VERSION = VersionInfo.getInstance(0, 0, 0, 0);

    private static class VersionFilter implements Filter {
        VersionInfo version;

        VersionFilter(VersionInfo version) { this.version = version; }

        public boolean contains(int ch) {
            VersionInfo v = UCharacter.getAge(ch);
            // Reference comparison ok; VersionInfo caches and reuses
            // unique objects.
            return v != NO_VERSION &&
                   v.compareTo(version) <= 0;
        }
    }

    private static synchronized UnicodeSet getInclusions(int src) {
        if (INCLUSIONS == null) {
            INCLUSIONS = new UnicodeSet[UCharacterProperty.SRC_COUNT];
        }
        if(INCLUSIONS[src] == null) {
            UnicodeSet incl = new UnicodeSet();
            switch(src) {
            case UCharacterProperty.SRC_PROPSVEC:
                UCharacterProperty.getInstance().upropsvec_addPropertyStarts(incl);
                break;
            default:
                throw new IllegalStateException("UnicodeSet.getInclusions(unknown src "+src+")");
            }
            INCLUSIONS[src] = incl;
        }
        return INCLUSIONS[src];
    }

    /**
     * Generic filter-based scanning code for UCD property UnicodeSets.
     */
    private UnicodeSet applyFilter(Filter filter, int src) {
        // Walk through all Unicode characters, noting the start
        // and end of each range for which filter.contain(c) is
        // true.  Add each range to a set.
        //
        // To improve performance, use the INCLUSIONS set, which
        // encodes information about character ranges that are known
        // to have identical properties, such as the CJK Ideographs
        // from U+4E00 to U+9FA5.  INCLUSIONS contains all characters
        // except the first characters of such ranges.
        //
        // TODO Where possible, instead of scanning over code points,
        // use internal property data to initialize UnicodeSets for
        // those properties.  Scanning code points is slow.

        clear();

        int startHasProperty = -1;
        UnicodeSet inclusions = getInclusions(src);
        int limitRange = inclusions.getRangeCount();

        for (int j=0; j<limitRange; ++j) {
            // get current range
            int start = inclusions.getRangeStart(j);
            int end = inclusions.getRangeEnd(j);

            // for all the code points in the range, process
            for (int ch = start; ch <= end; ++ch) {
                // only add to the unicodeset on inflection points --
                // where the hasProperty value changes to false
                if (filter.contains(ch)) {
                    if (startHasProperty < 0) {
                        startHasProperty = ch;
                    }
                } else if (startHasProperty >= 0) {
                    add_unchecked(startHasProperty, ch-1);
                    startHasProperty = -1;
                }
            }
        }
        if (startHasProperty >= 0) {
            add_unchecked(startHasProperty, 0x10FFFF);
        }

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Remove leading and trailing rule white space and compress
     * internal rule white space to a single space character.
     *
     * @see UCharacterProperty#isRuleWhiteSpace
     */
    private static String mungeCharName(String source) {
        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i=0; i<source.length(); ) {
            int ch = UTF16.charAt(source, i);
            i += UTF16.getCharCount(ch);
            if (UCharacterProperty.isRuleWhiteSpace(ch)) {
                if (buf.length() == 0 ||
                    buf.charAt(buf.length() - 1) == ' ') {
                    continue;
                }
                ch = ' '; // convert to ' '
            }
            UTF16.append(buf, ch);
        }
        if (buf.length() != 0 &&
            buf.charAt(buf.length() - 1) == ' ') {
            buf.setLength(buf.length() - 1);
        }
        return buf.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Modifies this set to contain those code points which have the
     * given value for the given property.  Prior contents of this
     * set are lost.
     * @param propertyAlias
     * @param valueAlias
     * @param symbols if not null, then symbols are first called to see if a property
     * is available. If true, then everything else is skipped.
     * @return this set
     * @stable ICU 3.2
     */
    public UnicodeSet applyPropertyAlias(String propertyAlias,
                                         String valueAlias, SymbolTable symbols) {
        if (valueAlias.length() > 0) {
            if (propertyAlias.equals("Age")) {
                // Must munge name, since
                // VersionInfo.getInstance() does not do
                // 'loose' matching.
                VersionInfo version = VersionInfo.getInstance(mungeCharName(valueAlias));
                applyFilter(new VersionFilter(version), UCharacterProperty.SRC_PROPSVEC);
                return this;
            }
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported property: " + propertyAlias);
    }

    /**
     * Return true if the given iterator appears to point at a
     * property pattern.  Regardless of the result, return with the
     * iterator unchanged.
     * @param chars iterator over the pattern characters.  Upon return
     * it will be unchanged.
     * @param iterOpts RuleCharacterIterator options
     */
    private static boolean resemblesPropertyPattern(RuleCharacterIterator chars,
                                                    int iterOpts) {
        boolean result = false;
        iterOpts &= ~RuleCharacterIterator.PARSE_ESCAPES;
        Object pos = chars.getPos(null);
        int c = chars.next(iterOpts);
        if (c == '[' || c == '\\') {
            int d = chars.next(iterOpts & ~RuleCharacterIterator.SKIP_WHITESPACE);
            result = (c == '[') ? (d == ':') :
                     (d == 'N' || d == 'p' || d == 'P');
        }
        chars.setPos(pos);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Parse the given property pattern at the given parse position.
     * @param symbols TODO
     */
    private UnicodeSet applyPropertyPattern(String pattern, ParsePosition ppos, SymbolTable symbols) {
        int pos = ppos.getIndex();

        // On entry, ppos should point to one of the following locations:

        // Minimum length is 5 characters, e.g. \p{L}
        if ((pos+5) > pattern.length()) {
            return null;
        }

        boolean posix = false; // true for [:pat:], false for \p{pat} \P{pat} \N{pat}
        boolean isName = false; // true for \N{pat}, o/w false
        boolean invert = false;

        // Look for an opening [:, [:^, \p, or \P
        if (pattern.regionMatches(pos, "[:", 0, 2)) {
            posix = true;
            pos = Utility.skipWhitespace(pattern, pos+2);
            if (pos < pattern.length() && pattern.charAt(pos) == '^') {
                ++pos;
                invert = true;
            }
        } else if (pattern.regionMatches(true, pos, "\\p", 0, 2) ||
                   pattern.regionMatches(pos, "\\N", 0, 2)) {
            char c = pattern.charAt(pos+1);
            invert = (c == 'P');
            isName = (c == 'N');
            pos = Utility.skipWhitespace(pattern, pos+2);
            if (pos == pattern.length() || pattern.charAt(pos++) != '{') {
                // Syntax error; "\p" or "\P" not followed by "{"
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            // Open delimiter not seen
            return null;
        }

        // Look for the matching close delimiter, either :] or }
        int close = pattern.indexOf(posix ? ":]" : "}", pos);
        if (close < 0) {
            // Syntax error; close delimiter missing
            return null;
        }

        // Look for an '=' sign.  If this is present, we will parse a
        // medium \p{gc=Cf} or long \p{GeneralCategory=Format}
        // pattern.
        int equals = pattern.indexOf('=', pos);
        String propName, valueName;
        if (equals >= 0 && equals < close && !isName) {
            // Equals seen; parse medium/long pattern
            propName = pattern.substring(pos, equals);
            valueName = pattern.substring(equals+1, close);
        }

        else {
            // Handle case where no '=' is seen, and \N{}
            propName = pattern.substring(pos, close);
            valueName = "";

            // Handle \N{name}
            if (isName) {
                // This is a little inefficient since it means we have to
                // parse "na" back to UProperty.NAME even though we already
                // know it's UProperty.NAME.  If we refactor the API to
                // support args of (int, String) then we can remove
                // "na" and make this a little more efficient.
                valueName = propName;
                propName = "na";
            }
        }

        applyPropertyAlias(propName, valueName, symbols);

        if (invert) {
            complement();
        }

        // Move to the limit position after the close delimiter
        ppos.setIndex(close + (posix ? 2 : 1));

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Parse a property pattern.
     * @param chars iterator over the pattern characters.  Upon return
     * it will be advanced to the first character after the parsed
     * pattern, or the end of the iteration if all characters are
     * parsed.
     * @param rebuiltPat the pattern that was parsed, rebuilt or
     * copied from the input pattern, as appropriate.
     * @param symbols TODO
     */
    private void applyPropertyPattern(RuleCharacterIterator chars,
                                      StringBuffer rebuiltPat, SymbolTable symbols) {
        String patStr = chars.lookahead();
        ParsePosition pos = new ParsePosition(0);
        applyPropertyPattern(patStr, pos, symbols);
        if (pos.getIndex() == 0) {
            syntaxError(chars, "Invalid property pattern");
        }
        chars.jumpahead(pos.getIndex());
        rebuiltPat.append(patStr.substring(0, pos.getIndex()));
    }

    //----------------------------------------------------------------
    // Case folding API
    //----------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Bitmask for constructor and applyPattern() indicating that
     * white space should be ignored.  If set, ignore characters for
     * which UCharacterProperty.isRuleWhiteSpace() returns true,
     * unless they are quoted or escaped.  This may be ORed together
     * with other selectors.
     * @stable ICU 3.8
     */
    public static final int IGNORE_SPACE = 1;

}