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diff --git a/doc/user.sgml b/doc/user.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2154d74 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,2355 @@ + <chapter id=runningtests> + <title>Running Tests</title> + + <para>There are two ways to execute a test suite. The most + common way is when there is existing support in the + <filename>Makefile</filename>. This support consists of a + <emphasis>check</emphasis> target. The other way is to execute the + <command>runtest</command> program directly. To run + <command>runtest</command> directcly from the command line requires + either all the correct options, or the <xref linkend=local> must be setup + correctly.</para> + + <sect1 id=makecheck xreflabel="Make Check"> + <title>Make check</title> + + <para>To run tests from an existing collection, first use + <command>configure</command> as usual to set up the + build directory. Then try typing:</para> + + <screen> + make check + </screen> + + <para>If the <emphasis>check</emphasis> target exists, it + usually saves you some trouble. For instance, it can set up any + auxiliary programs or other files needed by the tests. The most + common file the check builds is the + <emphasis>site.exp</emphasis>. The site.exp file contains + various variables that DejaGnu used to dertermine the + configuration of the program being tested. This is mostly for + supporting remote testing.</para> + + <para>The <emphasis>check</emphasis> target is supported by GNU + <productname>Automake</productname>. To have DejaGnu support added to your + generated <filename>Makefile.in</filename>, just add the keyword + dejagnu to the AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS variable in your + <filename>Makefile.am</filename> file.</para> + + <para>Once you have run <emphasis>make check</emphasis> to build + any auxiliary files, you can invoke the test driver + <command>runtest</command> directly to repeat the tests. + You will also have to execute <command>runtest</command> + directly for test collections with no + <emphasis>check</emphasis> target in the + <filename>Makefile</filename>.</para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=runtest xreflabel="Runtest"> + <title>Runtest</title> + + <para><command>runtest</command> is the executable test driver + for DejaGnu. You can specify two kinds of things on the + <command>runtest</command> command line: command line options, + and Tcl variables for the test scripts. The options are listed + alphabetically below.</para> + + <para><command>runtest</command> returns an exit code of + <emphasis>1</emphasis> if any test has an unexpected result; otherwise + (if all tests pass or fail as expected) it returns <emphasis>0</emphasis> + as the exit code.</para> + + <sect2 id=outputs xreflabel="Output States"> + <title>Output States</title> + + <para><filename>runtest</filename> flags the outcome of each + test as one of these cases. <xref linkend=posix> for a + discussion of how POSIX specifies the meanings of these + cases.</para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term>PASS</term> + <listitem><para>The most desirable outcome: the test succeeded, and + was expected to succeed.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>XPASS</term> + <listitem><para>A pleasant kind of failure: a test was expected to + fail, but succeeded. This may indicate progress; inspect the test + case to determine whether you should amend it to stop expecting + failure.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>FAIL</term> + <listitem><para>A test failed, although it was expected to succeed. + This may indicate regress; inspect the test case and the failing + software to ocate the bug.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>XFAIL</term> + <listitem><para>A test failed, but it was expected to fail. This + result indicates no change in a known bug. If a test fails because + the operating system where the test runs lacks some facility required + by the test, the outcome is <emphasis>UNSUPPORTED</emphasis> + instead.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>UNRESOLVED</term> + <listitem><para>Output from a test requires manual inspection; the + test suite could not automatically determine the outcome. For + example, your tests can report this outcome is when a test does not + complete as expected.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>UNTESTED</term> + <listitem><para>A test case is not yet complete, and in particular + cannot yet produce a <emphasis>PASS</emphasis> or + <emphasis>FAIL</emphasis>. You can also use this outcome in dummy + ``tests'' that note explicitly the absence of a real test case for a + particular property.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>UNSUPPORTED</term> + <listitem><para>A test depends on a conditionally available feature + that does not exist (in the configured testing environment). For + example, you can use this outcome to report on a test case that does + not work on a particular target because its operating system support + does not include a required subroutine.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + <para>runtest may also display the following messages:</para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term>ERROR</term> + <listitem><para>Indicates a major problem (detected by the test case + itself) in running the test. This is usually an unrecoverable error, + such as a missing file or loss of communication to the target. (POSIX + test suites should not emit this message; use + <emphasis>UNSUPPORTED</emphasis>, <emphasis>UNTESTED</emphasis>, or + <emphasis>UNRESOLVED</emphasis> instead, as + appropriate.)</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>WARNING</term> + <listitem><para>Indicates a possible problem in running the + test. Usually warnings correspond to recoverable errors, or display + an important message about the following tests.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>NOTE</term> + <listitem><para>An informational message about the test + case.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + </sect2> + + <sect2 id=invoking xreflabel="Invoking Runtest"> + <title>Invoking Runtest</title> + + <para>This is the full set of command line options that + <filename>runtest</filename> recognizes. Arguments may be + abbreviated to the shortest unique string.</para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--all</option> (-a)</term> + <listitem><para>Display all test output. By default, + <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> shows only the output of tests that + produce unexpected results; that is, tests with status + <emphasis>FAIL</emphasis> (unexpected failure), + <emphasis>XPASS</emphasis> (unexpected success), or + <emphasis>ERROR</emphasis> (a severe error in the test case + itself). Specify <emphasis>--all</emphasis> to see output for tests + with status <emphasis>PASS</emphasis> (success, as expected) + <emphasis>XFAIL</emphasis> (failure, as expected), or + <emphasis>WARNING</emphasis> (minor error in the test case + itself).</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--build [string]</option></term> + <listitem><para><emphasis>string</emphasis> is a full configuration + ``triple'' name as used by <command>configure</command>. This + is the type of machine DejaGnu and the tools to be tested are built + on. For a normal cross this is the same as the host, but for a + canadian cross, they are seperate.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--host [string]</option></term> + <listitem><para><symbol>string</symbol> is a full configuration + ``triple'' name as used by <emphasis>configure</emphasis>. Use this + option to override the default string recorded by your + configuration's choice of host. This choice does not change how + anything is actually configured unless --build is also specified; it + affects <emphasis>only</emphasis> DejaGnu procedures that compare the + host string with particular values. The procedures + <emphasis>ishost</emphasis>, <emphasis>istarget</emphasis>, + <emphasis>isnative</emphasis>, and <emphasis>setup</emphasis>xfail} + are affected by <emphasis>--host</emphasis>. In this usage, + <emphasis>host</emphasis> refers to the machine that the tests are to + be run on, which may not be the same as the + <emphasis>build</emphasis> machine. If <emphasis>--build</emphasis> + is also specified, then <emphasis>--host</emphasis> refers to the + machine that the tests wil, be run on, not the machine DejaGnu is run + on.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--host_board [name]</option></term> + <listitem><para>The host board to use.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--target [string]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Use this option to override the default setting + (running native tests). <emphasis>string</emphasis> is a full + configuration ``triple'' name of the form + <emphasis>cpu-vendor-os</emphasis> as used by + <command>configure</command>. This option changes the + configuration <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> uses for the default tool + names, and other setup information.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--debug</option> (-de)</term> + <listitem><para>Turns on the <emphasis>expect</emphasis> internal + debugging output. Debugging output is displayed as part of the + <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> output, and logged to a file called + <filename>dbg.log</filename>. The extra debugging output does + <emphasis>not</emphasis> appear on standard output, unless the + verbose level is greater than 2 (for instance, to see debug output + immediately, specify <emphasis>--debug</emphasis>-v -v}). The + debugging output shows all attempts at matching the test output of + the tool with the scripted patterns describing expected output. The + output generated with <emphasis>--strace</emphasis> also goes into + <filename>dbg.log</filename>.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--help</option> (-he)</term> + <listitem><para>Prints out a short summary of the + <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> options, then exits (even if you also + specify other options).</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--ignore [name(s)] </option></term> + <listitem><para>The names of specific tests to + ignore.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--objdir [path]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Use <emphasis>path</emphasis> as the top directory + containing any auxiliary compiled test code. This defaults to + <filename>.</filename>. Use this option to locate pre-compiled test + code. You can normally prepare any auxiliary files needed with + <emphasis>make</emphasis>.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--outdir [path]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Write output logs in directory + <filename>path</filename>. The default is <emphasis>.}, + the</emphasis> directory where you start + <emphasis>runtest</emphasis>. This option affects only the summary + and the detailed log files + <filename>tool.sum</filename> and + <filename>tool.log</filename>. The DejaGnu debug + log <filename>dbg.log</filename> always appears (when requested) in + the local directory.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--reboot [name]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Reboot the target board when + <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> initializes. Usually, when running tests + on a separate target board, it is safer to reboot the target to be + certain of its state. However, when developing test scripts, + rebooting takes a lot of time.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--srcdir [path]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Use <filename>path</filename> as the top directory + for test scripts to run. <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> looks in this + directory for any subdirectory whose name begins with the toolname + (specified with <emphasis>--tool</emphasis>). For instance, with + <emphasis>--tool</emphasis>gdb}, <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> uses + tests in subdirectories <filename>gdb.*</filename> (with the usual + shell-like filename expansion). If you do not use + <emphasis>--srcdir</emphasis>, <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> looks for + test directories under the current working + directory.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--strace [number]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Turn on internal tracing for + <emphasis>expect</emphasis>, to n levels deep. By adjusting the + level, you can control the extent to which your output expands + multi-level Tcl statements. This allows you to ignore some levels of + <emphasis>case</emphasis> or <emphasis>if</emphasis> statements. + Each procedure call or control structure counts as one ``level''. The + output is recorded in the same file, <filename>dbg.log</filename>, + used for output from <emphasis>--debug</emphasis>.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--connect [program]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Connect to a target testing environment as specified + by <emphasis>type</emphasis>, if the target is not the computer + running <emphasis>runtest</emphasis>. For example, use + <emphasis>--connect</emphasis> to change the program used to connect + to a ``bare board'' boot monitor. The choices for + <emphasis>type</emphasis> in the DejaGnu 1.4 distribution are + <emphasis>rlogin</emphasis>, <emphasis>telnet</emphasis>, + <emphasis>rsh</emphasis>, <emphasis>tip</emphasis>, + <emphasis>kermit</emphasis>, and <emphasis>mondfe</emphasis>.</para> + + <para>The default for this option depends on the configuration most + convenient communication method available, but often other + alternatives work as well; you may find it useful to try alternative + connect methods if you suspect a communication problem with your + testing target.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--baud [number]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Set the default baud rate to something other than + 9600. (Some serial interface programs, like <emphasis>tip</emphasis>, + use a separate initialization file instead of this + value.)</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--target_board [name(s)]</option></term> + <listitem><para>The list of target boards to run tests + on.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry id=tool-opt> + <term><option>--tool[name(s)]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Specifies which test suite to run, and what + initialization module to use. <option>--tool</option> is used + <emphasis>only</emphasis> for these two purposes. It is + <emphasis>not</emphasis> used to name the executable program to + test. Executable tool names (and paths) are recorded in + <filename>site.exp</filename> and you can override them by specifying + Tcl variables on the command line.</para> + + <para>For example, including "<option>--tool</option> gcc" on the + <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> command line runs tests from all test + subdirectories whose names match <filename>gcc.*</filename>, and uses + one of the initialization modules named + <filename>config/*-gcc.exp</filename>. To specify the name of the + compiler (perhaps as an alternative path to what + <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> would use by default), use + <emphasis>GCC=binname</emphasis> on the <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> + command line.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--tool_exec [name]</option></term> + <listitem><para>The path to the tool executable to + test.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--tool_opts [options]</option></term> + <listitem><para>A list of additional options to pass to the + tool.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--verbose</option> (-v)</term> + <listitem><para>Turns on more output. Repeating this option increases + the amount of output displayed. Level one (<emphasis>-v</emphasis>) + is simply test output. Level two (<emphasis>-v</emphasis>-v}) shows + messages on options, configuration, and process control. Verbose + messages appear in the detailed (<filename>*.log</filename>) log + file, but not in the summary (<filename>*.sum</filename>) log + file.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--version</option> (-V)</term> + <listitem><para>Prints out the version numbers of DejaGnu, + <emphasis>expect</emphasis> and Tcl, and exits without running any + tests.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--D[0-1]</option></term> + <listitem><para>Start the internal Tcl debugger. The Tcl debugger + supports breakpoints, single stepping, and other common debugging + activities. See the document "Debugger for Tcl Applications} by Don + Libes. (Distributed in PostScript form with + <emphasis>expect</emphasis> as the file + <filename>expect/tcl-debug.ps.</filename>. If you specify + <emphasis>-D1</emphasis>, the <emphasis>expect</emphasis> shell stops + at a breakpoint as soon as DejaGnu invokes it. If you specify + <emphasis>-D0</emphasis>, DejaGnu starts as usual, but you can enter + the debugger by sending an interrupt (e.g. by typing + <keycombo><keycap>C</keycap><keycap>c</keycap></keycombo>). + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><filename>testfile</filename>.exp[=arg(s)]</term> + <listitem><para>Specify the names of testsuites to run. By default, + <emphasis>runtest</emphasis> runs all tests for the tool, but you can + restrict it to particular testsuites by giving the names of the + <emphasis>.exp expect</emphasis> scripts that control + them. <emphasis>testsuite</emphasis>.exp may not include path + information; use plain filenames.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><filename>testfile</filename>.exp="testfile1 ..."</term> + <listitem><para>Specify a subset of tests in a suite to run. For + compiler or assembler tests, which often use a single + <emphasis>.exp</emphasis> script covering many different source + files, this option allows you to further restrict the tests by + listing particular source files to compile. Some tools even support + wildcards here. The wildcards supported depend upon the tool, but + typically they are <emphasis>?</emphasis>, <emphasis>*</emphasis>, + and <emphasis>[chars]</emphasis>.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><symbol>tclvar</symbol>=value</term> + <listitem><para>You can define Tcl variables for use by your test + scripts in the same style used with <emphasis>make</emphasis> for + environment variables. For example, <emphasis>runtest + GDB=gdb.old</emphasis> defines a variable called + <command>GDB</command>; when your scripts refer to + <symbol>$GDB</symbol> in this run, they use the value + <emphasis>gdb.old</emphasis>.</para> + + <para>The default Tcl variables used for most tools are defined in + the main DejaGnu <emphasis>Makefile</emphasis>; their values are + captured in the <filename>site.exp</filename> file.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </sect2> + + <sect2 id=common xreflabel="Common Operations"> + <title>Common Options</title> + + <para>Typically, you don't need must to use any command-line options. + <option>--tool</option> used is only required when there are more than + one test suite in the same directory. The default options are in the + local site.exp file, created by "make site.exp".</para> + + <para>For example, if the directory <filename>gdb/testsuite</filename> + contains a collection of DejaGnu tests for GDB, you can run them like + this:</para> + + <screen> + eg$ cd gdb/testsuite + eg$ runtest --tool gdb + </screen> + + <para>Test output follows, ending with:</para> + + <screen> + === gdb Summary === + + # of expected passes 508 + # of expected failures 103 + /usr/latest/bin/gdb version 4.14.4 -nx + </screen> + + <para>You can use the option <emphasis>--srcdir</emphasis> to point to + some other directory containing a collection of tests:</para> + + <screen> + eg$ runtest--srcdir /devo/gdb/testsuite + </screen> + + <para>By default, <command>runtest</command> prints only the + names of the tests it runs, output from any tests that have unexpected + results, and a summary showing how many tests passed and how many + failed. To display output from all tests (whether or not they behave + as expected), use the <emphasis>--all</emphasis> option. For more + verbose output about processes being run, communication, and so on, use + <emphasis>--verbose</emphasis>. To see even more output, use multiple + <emphasis>--verbose</emphasis> options. for a more detailed explanation + of each <command>runtest</command> option. + + <para>Test output goes into two files in your current directory: + summary output in <filename>tool.sum</filename>, + and detailed output in <filename> + tool.log</filename>. (<emphasis>tool</emphasis> + refers to the collection of tests; for example, after a run with + <emphasis>--tool</emphasis> gdb, look for output files + <filename>gdb.sum</filename> and <filename>gdb.log</filename>.) + </sect2> + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=outputfiles xreflabel="Output Files"> + + <title>The files DejaGnu produces.</title> + + <para>DejaGnu always writes two kinds of output files: summary + logs and detailed logs. The contents of both of these are + determined by your tests.</para> + + <para>For troubleshooting, a third kind of output file is useful: + use <option>--debug</option> to request an output file showing + details of what <productname>Expect</productname> is doing + internally.</para> + + <sect2 id=sum xreflabel="Summary File"> + <title>Summary File</title> + + <para>DejaGnu always produces a summary output file + <filename>tool.sum</filename>. This summary shows the names of + all test files run; for each test file, one line of output from + each <command>pass</command> command (showing status + <emphasis>PASS</emphasis> or <emphasis>XPASS</emphasis>) or + <command>fail</command> command (status + <emphasis>FAIL</emphasis> or <emphasis>XFAIL</emphasis>); + trailing summary statistics that count passing and failing tests + (expected and unexpected); and the full pathname and version + number of the tool tested. (All possible outcomes, and all + errors, are always reflected in the summary output file, + regardless of whether or not you specify <option>--all</option>.) + + <para>If any of your tests use the procedures + <command>unresolved</command>, <command>unsupported</command>, + or <command>runtested</command>, the summary output also + tabulates the corresponding outcomes.</para> + + <para>For example, after <command>runtest --tool + binutils</command>, look for a summary log in + <filename>binutils.sum</filename>. Normally, DejaGnu writes this + file in your current working directory; use the + <option>--outdir</option> option to select a different + directory.</para> + + <example> + <title>Here is a short sample summary log</title> + + <screen> + Test Run By rob on Mon May 25 21:40:57 PDT 1992 + === gdb tests === + Running ./gdb.t00/echo.exp ... + PASS: Echo test + Running ./gdb.all/help.exp ... + PASS: help add-symbol-file + PASS: help aliases + PASS: help breakpoint "bre" abbreviation + FAIL: help run "r" abbreviation + Running ./gdb.t10/crossload.exp ... + PASS: m68k-elf (elf-big) explicit format; loaded + XFAIL: mips-ecoff (ecoff-bigmips) "ptype v_signed_char" signed C types + === gdb Summary === + # of expected passes 5 + # of expected failures 1 + # of unexpected failures 1 + /usr/latest/bin/gdb version 4.6.5 -q + </screen> + </example> + + </sect2> + + <sect2 id=log xreflabel="Log File"> + <title>Log File</title> + + <para>DejaGnu also saves a detailed log file + <filename>tool.log</filename>, showing any output generated by + tests as well as the summary output. For example, after + <command>runtest --tool binutils</command>, look for a detailed + log in <filename>binutils.log</filename>. Normally, DejaGnu + writes this file in your current working directory; use the + <option>--outdir</option> option to select a different + directory.</para> + + + <example> + <title>Here is a brief example showing a detailed log for + <productname>G++</productname> tests</title> + + <screen> + Test Run By rob on Mon May 25 21:40:43 PDT 1992 + + === g++ tests === + + --- Running ./g++.other/t01-1.exp --- + PASS: operate delete + + --- Running ./g++.other/t01-2.exp --- + FAIL: i960 bug EOF + p0000646.C: In function `int warn_return_1 ()': + p0000646.C:109: warning: control reaches end of non-void function + p0000646.C: In function `int warn_return_arg (int)': + p0000646.C:117: warning: control reaches end of non-void function + p0000646.C: In function `int warn_return_sum (int, int)': + p0000646.C:125: warning: control reaches end of non-void function + p0000646.C: In function `struct foo warn_return_foo ()': + p0000646.C:132: warning: control reaches end of non-void function + + --- Running ./g++.other/t01-4.exp --- + FAIL: abort + 900403_04.C:8: zero width for bit-field `foo' + --- Running ./g++.other/t01-3.exp --- + FAIL: segment violation + 900519_12.C:9: parse error before `;' + 900519_12.C:12: Segmentation violation + /usr/latest/bin/gcc: Internal compiler error: program cc1plus got fatal signal + + === g++ Summary === + + # of expected passes 1 + # of expected failures 3 + /usr/latest/bin/g++ version cygnus-2.0.1 + </screen> + </example> + + </sect2> + + <sect2 id=debugfile xreflabel="Debug Log File"> + <title>Debug Log File</title> + + <para>With the <option>--debug</option> option, you can request + a log file showing the output from + <productname>Expect</productname> itself, running in debugging + mode. This file (<filename>dbg.log</filename>, in the directory + where you start <command>runtest</command>) shows each pattern + <productname>Expect</productname> considers in analyzing test + output.</para> + + <para>This file reflects each <command>send</command> command, + showing the string sent as input to the tool under test; and + each <productname>Expect</productname> command, showing each + pattern it compares with the tool output.</para> + + <example> + <title>The log messages begin with a message of the form</title> + + <screen> + + expect: does {<symbol>tool output</symbol>} (spawn_id <symbol>n</symbol>) + match pattern {<emphasis>expected pattern</emphasis>}? + + </screen> + </example> + + <para>For every unsuccessful match, + <productname>Expect</productname> issues a + <emphasis>no</emphasis> after this message; if other patterns + are specified for the same <productname>Expect</productname> + command, they are reflected also, but without the first part of + the message (<emphasis>expect... match pattern</emphasis>).</para> + + <para>When <productname>Expect</productname> finds a match, the + log for the successful match ends with <emphasis>yes</emphasis>, + followed by a record of the <productname>Expect</productname> + variables set to describe a successful match.</para> + + <example> + <title>Here is an excerpt from the debugging log for a + <productname>GDB</productname> test:</title> + + <screen> + send: sent {break gdbme.c:34\n} to spawn id 6 + expect: does {} (spawn_id 6) match pattern {Breakpoint.*at.* file + gdbme.c, line 34.*\(gdb\) $}? no + {.*\(gdb\) $}? no + expect: does {} (spawn_id 0) match pattern {return} ? no + {\(y or n\) }? no + {buffer_full}? no + {virtual}? no + {memory}? no + {exhausted}? no + {Undefined}? no + {command}? no + break gdbme.c:34 + Breakpoint 8 at 0x23d8: file gdbme.c, line 34. + (gdb) expect: does {break gdbme.c:34\r\nBreakpoint 8 at 0x23d8: + file gdbme.c, line 34.\r\n(gdb) } (spawn_id 6) match pattern + {Breakpoint.*at.* file gdbme.c, line 34.*\(gdb\) $}? yes + expect: set expect_out(0,start) {18} + expect: set expect_out(0,end) {71} + expect: set expect_out(0,string) {Breakpoint 8 at 0x23d8: file + gdbme.c, line 34.\r\n(gdb) } + epect: set expect_out(spawn_id) {6} + expect: set expect_out(buffer) {break gdbme.c:34\r\nBreakpoint 8 + at 0x23d8: file gdbme.c, line 34.\r\n(gdb) } + PASS: 70 0 breakpoint line number in file + </screen> + </example> + + <para>This example exhibits three properties of + <productname>Expect</productname> and + <productname>DejaGnu</productname> that might be surprising at + first glance:</para> + + <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> + <listitem><para>Empty output for the first attempted match. The + first set of attempted matches shown ran against the output + <emphasis>{}</emphasis> --- that is, no + output. <productname>Expect</productname> begins + attempting to match the patterns supplied immediately; often, + the first pass is against incomplete output (or completely + before all output, as in this case).</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Interspersed tool output. The beginning of + the log entry for the second attempted match may be hard to + spot: this is because the prompt <emphasis>{(gdb) }</emphasis> + appears on the same line, just before the + <emphasis>expect:</emphasis> that marks the beginning of the + log entry.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Fail-safe patterns. Many of the patterns + tested are fail-safe patterns provided by + <productname>GDB</productname> testing utilities, to reduce + possible indeterminacy. It is useful to anticipate potential + variations caused by extreme system conditions + (<productname>GDB</productname> might issue the message + <emphasis>virtual memory exhausted</emphasis> in rare + circumstances), or by changes in the tested program + (<emphasis>Undefined command</emphasis> is the likeliest + outcome if the name of a tested command changes).</para> + + <para>The pattern <emphasis>{return}</emphasis> is a + particularly interesting fail-safe to notice; it checks for an + unexpected <keycap>RET</keycap> prompt. This may happen, + for example, if the tested tool can filter output through a + pager.</para> + + <para>These fail-safe patterns (like the debugging log itself) + are primarily useful while developing test scripts. Use the + <command>error</command> procedure to make the actions for + fail-safe patterns produce messages starting with + <emphasis>ERROR</emphasis> on standard output, and in the + detailed log file.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + </sect2> + </sect1> + </chapter> + + <chapter id=Customizing xreflabel="Customizing DejaGnu"> + <title>Customizing DejaGnu</title> + + <para>The site configuration file, <filename>site.exp</filename>, + captures configuration-dependent values and propagates them to the + DejaGnu test environment using Tcl variables. This ties the + DejaGnu test scripts into the <command>configure</command> and + <command>make</command> programs. If this file is setup correctly, + it is possible to execute a test suite merely by typing + <command>runtest</command>.</para> + + <para>DejaGnu supports two <filename>site.exp</filename> + files. The multiple instances of <filename>site.exp</filename> are + loaded in a fixed order built into DejaGnu. The first file loaded + is the local file <filename>site.exp</filename>, and then the + optional global <filename>site.exp</filename> file as + pointed to by the <symbol>DEJAGNU</symbol> environment + variable.</para> + + <para>There is an optional <emphasis>master</emphasis> + <filename>site.exp</filename>, capturing configuration values that + apply to DejaGnu across the board, in each configuration-specific + subdirectory of the DejaGnu library directory. + <command>runtest</command> loads these values first. The master + <filename>site.exp</filename> contains the default values for all + targets and hosts supported by DejaGnu. This master file is + identified by setting the environment variable + <symbol>DEJAGNU</symbol> to the name of the file. This is also + refered to as the ``global'' config file.</para> + + <para>Any directory containing a configured test suite also has a + local <filename>site.exp</filename>, capturing configuration values + specific to the tool under test. Since <command>runtest</command> + loads these values last, the individual test configuration can + either rely on and use, or override, any of the global values from + the global <filename>site.exp</filename> file.</para> + + <para>You can usually generate or update the testsuite's local + <filename>site.exp</filename> by typing <command>make + site.exp</command> in the test suite directory, after the test + suite is configured.</para> + + <para>You can also have a file in your home directory called + <filename>.dejagnurc</filename>. This gets loaded first before the + other config files. Usually this is used for personal stuff, like + setting the <symbol>all_flag</symbol> so all the output gets + printed, or your own verbosity levels. This file is usually + restricted to setting command line options.</para> + + <para>You can further override the default values in a + user-editable section of any <filename>site.exp</filename>, or by + setting variables on the <command>runtest</command> command + line.</para> + + <sect1 id=local xreflabel="Local Config File"> + <title>Local Config File</title> + + <para>It is usually more convenient to keep these <emphasis>manual + overrides</emphasis> in the <filename>site.exp</filename> + local to each test directory, rather than in the global + <filename>site.exp</filename> in the installed DejaGnu + library. This file is mostly for supplying tool specific info + that is required by the test suite.</para> + + <para>All local <filename>site.exp</filename> files have + two sections, separated by comment text. The first section is + the part that is generated by <command>make</command>. It is + essentially a collection of Tcl variable definitions based on + <filename>Makefile</filename> environment variables. Since they + are generated by <command>make</command>, they contain the + values as specified by <command>configure</command>. (You can + also customize these values by using the <option>--site</option> + option to <command>configure</command>.) In particular, this + section contains the <filename>Makefile</filename> + variables for host and target configuration data. Do not edit + this first section; if you do, your changes are replaced next + time you run <command>make</command>.</para> + + <example> + <title>The first section starts with</title> + + <programlisting> + ## these variables are automatically generated by make ## + # Do not edit here. If you wish to override these values + # add them to the last section + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>In the second section, you can override any default values + (locally to DejaGnu) for all the variables. The second section + can also contain your preferred defaults for all the command + line options to <command>runtest</command>. This allows you to + easily customize <command>runtest</command> for your preferences + in each configured test-suite tree, so that you need not type + options repeatedly on the command line. (The second section may + also be empty, if you do not wish to override any defaults.)</para> + + <example> + <title>The first section ends with this line</title> + + <programlisting> + ## All variables above are generated by configure. Do Not Edit ## + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>You can make any changes under this line. If you wish to + redefine a variable in the top section, then just put a + duplicate value in this second section. Usually the values + defined in this config file are related to the configuration of + the test run. This is the ideal place to set the variables + <symbol>host_triplet</symbol>, <symbol>build_triplet</symbol>, + <symbol>target_triplet</symbol>. All other variables are tool + dependant. ie for testing a compiler, the value for + <symbol>CC</symbol> might be set to a freshly built binary, as + opposed to one in the user's path.</para> + + <para>Here's an example local site.exp file, as used for + <productname>GCC/G++</productname> testing.</para> + + <example> + <title>Local Config File</title> + + <programlisting> + ## these variables are automatically generated by make ## + # Do not edit here. If you wish to override these values + # add them to the last section + set rootme "/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc" + set host_triplet i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1 + set build_triplet i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1 + set target_triplet i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1 + set target_alias i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1 + set CFLAGS "" + set CXXFLAGS "-I/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/../libio -I$srcdir/../libg++/src -I$srcdir/../libio -I$srcdir/../libstdc++ -I$srcdir/../libstdc++/stl -L/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/../libg++ -L/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/../libstdc++" + append LDFLAGS " -L/build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/../ld" + set tmpdir /build/devo-builds/i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1/gcc/testsuite + set srcdir "${srcdir}/testsuite" + ## All variables above are generated by configure. Do Not Edit ## + + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>This file defines the required fields for a local config + file, namely the three config triplets, and the srcdir. It also + defines several other Tcl variables that are used exclusivly by + the GCC test suite. For most test cases, the CXXFLAGS and LDFLAGS + are supplied by DejaGnu itself for cross testing, but to test a + compiler, GCC needs to manipulate these itself.</para> + + </sect1> + <sect1 id=global xreflabel="Global Config File"> + <title>Global Config File</title> + + <para>The master config file is where all the target specific + config variables get set for a whole site get set. The idea is + that for a centralized testing lab where people have to share a + target between multiple developers. There are settings for both + remote targets and remote hosts. Here's an example of a Master + Config File (also called the Global config file) for a + <emphasis>canadian cross</emphasis>. A canadian cross is when + you build and test a cross compiler on a machine other than the + one it's to be hosted on.</para> + + <para>Here we have the config settings for our California + office. Note that all config values are site dependant. Here we + have two sets of values that we use for testing m68k-aout cross + compilers. As both of these target boards has a different + debugging protocol, we test on both of them in sequence.</para> + + <example> + <title>Global Config file</title> + + <programlisting> + + # Make sure we look in the right place for the board description files. + if ![info exists boards_dir] { + set boards_dir {} + } + lappend boards_dir "/nfs/cygint/s1/cygnus/dejagnu/boards" + + verbose "Global Config File: target_triplet is $target_triplet" 2 + global target_list + + case "$target_triplet" in { + { "native" } { + set target_list "unix" + } + { "sparc64-*elf" } { + set target_list "sparc64-sim" + } + { "mips-*elf" } { + set target_list "mips-sim wilma barney" + } + { "mips-lsi-elf" } { + set target_list "mips-lsi-sim{,soft-float,el}" + } + { "sh-*hms" } { + set target_list { "sh-hms-sim" "bloozy" } + } + } + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>In this case, we have support for several cross compilers, + that all run on this host. For testing on operating systems that + don't support Expect, DejaGnu can be run on the local build + machine, and it can connect to the remote host and run all the + tests for this cross compiler on that host. All the remote OS + requires is a working telnetd.</para> + + <para>As you can see, all one does is set the variable + <symbol>target_list</symbol> to the list of targets and options to + test. The simple settings, like for + <emphasis>sparc64-elf</emphasis> only require setting the name of + the single board config file. The <emphasis>mips-elf</emphasis> + target is more complicated. Here it sets the list to three target + boards. One is the default mips target, and both + <emphasis>wilma</emphasis> <emphasis>barney</emphasis> are + symbolic names for other mips boards. Symbolic names are covered + in the <xref linkend=addboard> chapter. The more complicated + example is the one for <emphasis>mips-lsi-elf</emphasis>. This one + runs the tests with multiple iterations using all possible + combinations of the <option>--soft-float</option> and the + <option>--el</option> (little endian) option. Needless to say, + this last feature is mostly compiler specific.</para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=boardconfig xreflabel="Board Config File"> + <title>Board Config File</title> + + <para>The board config file is where board specfic config data + is stored. A board config file contains all the higher-level + configuration settings. There is a rough inheritance scheme, where it is + possible to base a new board description file on an existing one. There + are also collections of custom procedures for common environments. For + more information on adding a new board config file, go to the <xref + linkend=addboard> chapter. </para> + + <para>An example board config file for a GNU simulator is as + follows. <function>set_board_info</function> is a procedure that sets the + field name to the specified value. The procedures in square brackets + <emphasis>[]</emphasis> are <emphasis>helper procedures</emphasis>. Thes + are used to find parts of a tool chain required to build an executable + image that may reside in various locations. This is mostly of use for + when the startup code, the standard C lobraries, or the tool chain itself + is part of your build tree.</para> + + <example> + <title>Board Config File</title> + + <programlisting> + # This is a list of toolchains that are supported on this board. + set_board_info target_install {sparc64-elf} + + # Load the generic configuration for this board. This will define any + # routines needed by the tool to communicate with the board. + load_generic_config "sim" + + # We need this for find_gcc and *_include_flags/*_link_flags. + load_base_board_description "basic-sim" + + # Use long64 by default. + process_multilib_options "long64" + + setup_sim sparc64 + + # We only support newlib on this target. We assume that all multilib + # options have been specified before we get here. + set_board_info compiler "[find_gcc]" + set_board_info cflags "[libgloss_include_flags] [newlib_include_flags]" + set_board_info ldflags "[libgloss_link_flags] [newlib_link_flags]" + # No linker script. + set_board_info ldscript ""; + + # Used by a few gcc.c-torture testcases to delimit how large the + # stack can be. + set_board_info gcc,stack_size 16384 + # The simulator doesn't return exit statuses and we need to indicate this + # the standard GCC wrapper will work with this target. + set_board_info needs_status_wrapper 1 + # We can't pass arguments to programs. + set_board_info noargs 1 + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>There are five helper procedures used in this example. The first + one, <function>find gcc</function> looks for a copy of the GNU compiler in + your build tree, or it uses the one in your path. This will also return + the proper transformed name for a cross compiler if you whole build tree + is configured for one. The next helper procedures are + <function>libgloss_include_flags</function> & + <function>libgloss_link_flags</function>. These return the proper flags to + compiler and link an executable image using <xref + linkend=libgloss>, the GNU BSP (Board Support Package). The final + procedures are <function>newlib_include_flag</function> & + <function>newlib_include_flag</function>. These find the Newlib C + library, which is a reentrant standard C library for embedded systems + comprising of non GPL'd code.</para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=releng xreflabel="Remote Host Testing"> + <title>Remote Host Testing</title> + + <note><para>Thanks to Dj Delorie for the original paper that + this section is based on.</para></note> + + <para>DejaGnu also supports running the tests on a remote + host. To set this up, the remote host needs an ftp server, and a + telnet server. Currently foreign operating systems used as + remote hosts are VxWorks, VRTX, Dos/Win3.1, MacOS, and + win95/win98/NT.</para> + + <para>The recommended source for a win95/win98/NT based ftp + server is to get IIS (either IIS 1 or Personal Web Server) from + <ulink + URL="http://www.microsoft.com">http://www.microsoft.com</ulink>. + When you install it, make sure you install the FTP server - it's + not selected by default. Go into the IIS manager and change the + FTP server so that it does not allow anonymous ftp. Set the home + directory to the root directory (i.e. c:\) of a suitable + drive. Allow writing via ftp.</para> + + <para>It will create an account like IUSR_FOOBAR where foobar is + the name of your machine. Go into the user editor and give that + account a password that you don't mind hanging around in the + clear (i.e. not the same as your admin or personal + passwords). Also, add it to all the various permission groups.</para> + + <para>You'll also need a telnet server. For win95/win98/NT, go + to the <ulink URL="http://ataman.com">Ataman</ulink> web site, + pick up the Ataman Remote Logon Services for Windows, and + install it. You can get started on the eval period anyway. Add + IUSR_FOOBAR to the list of allowed users, set the HOME directory + to be the same as the FTP default directory. Change the Mode + prompt to simple.</para> + + <para>Ok, now you need to pick a directory name to do all the + testing in. For the sake of this example, we'll call it piggy + (i.e. c:\piggy). Create this directory.</para> + + <para>You'll need a unix machine. Create a directory for the + scripts you'll need. For this example, we'll use + /usr/local/swamp/testing. You'll need to have a source tree + somewhere, say /usr/src/devo. Now, copy some files from + releng's area in SV to your machine:</para> + + <example> + <title>Remote host setup</title> + + <screen> + cd /usr/local/swamp/testing + mkdir boards + scp darkstar.welcomehome.org:/dejagnu/cst/bin/MkTestDir . + scp darkstar.welcomehome.org:/dejagnu/site.exp . + scp darkstar.welcomehome.org:/dejagnu/boards/useless98r2.exp boards/foobar.exp + export DEJAGNU=/usr/local/swamp/testing/site.exp + + </screen> + </example> + + <para>You must edit the boards/foobar.exp file to reflect your + machine; change the hostname (foobar.com), username + (iusr_foobar), password, and ftp_directory (c:/piggy) to match + what you selected.</para> + + <para>Edit the global <filename> site.exp</filename> to reflect your + boards directory:</para> + + <example> + <title>Add The Board Directory</title> + + <programlisting> + lappend boards_dir "/usr/local/swamp/testing/boards" + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>Now run MkTestDir, which is in the contrib + directory. The first parameter is the toolchain prefix, the + second is the location of your devo tree. If you are testing a + cross compiler (ex: you have sh-hms-gcc.exe in your PATH on + the PC), do something like this:</para> + + <example> + <title>Setup Cross Remote Testing</title> + + <programlisting> + ./MkTestDir sh-hms /usr/dejagnu/src/devo + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>If you are testing a native PC compiler (ex: you have + gcc.exe in your PATH on the PC), do this: + + <example> + <title>Setup Native Remote Testing</title> + + <programlisting> + ./MkTestDir '' /usr/dejagnu/src/devo + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>To test the setup, <command>ftp</command> to your PC + using the username (iusr_foobar) and password you selected. CD + to the test directory. Upload a file to the PC. Now telnet to + your PC using the same username and password. CD to the test + directory. Make sure the file is there. Type "set" and/or "gcc + -v" (or sh-hms-gcc -v) and make sure the default PATH contains + the installation you want to test.</para> + + <example> + <title>Run Test Remotely</title> + + <programlisting> + cd /usr/local/swamp/testing + make -k -w check RUNTESTFLAGS="--host_board foobar --target_board foobar -v -v" > check.out 2>&1 + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>To run a specific test, use a command like this (for + this example, you'd run this from the gcc directory that + MkTestDir created):</para> + + <example> + <title>Run a Test Remotely</title> + + <programlisting> + make check RUNTESTFLAGS="--host_board sloth --target_board sloth -v compile.exp=921202-1.c" + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>Note: if you are testing a cross-compiler, put in the + correct target board. You'll also have to download more .exp + files and modify them for your local configuration. The -v's + are optional.</para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=configfile xreflabel="Config File Values"> + <title>Config File Values</title> + + <para>DejaGnu uses a named array in Tcl to hold all the info for + each machine. In the case of a canadian cross, this means host + information as well as target information. The named array is + called <symbol>target_info</symbol>, and it has two indices. The + following fields are part of the array.</para> + + <sect1 id=optiondefs xreflabel="Option Variables"> + <title>Command Line Option Variables</title> + + <para>In the user editable second section of the <xref + linkend=personal> you can not only override the configuration + variables captured in the first section, but also specify + default values for all on the <command>runtest</command> + command line options. Save for <option>--debug</option>, + <option>--help</option>, and <option>--version</option>, each + command line option has an associated Tcl variable. Use the + Tcl <command>set</command> command to specify a new default + value (as for the configuration variables). The following + table describes the correspondence between command line + options and variables you can set in + <filename>site.exp</filename>. <xref linkend=invoking>, for + explanations of the command-line options.</para> + + <para><table frame=all rowsep=0 colsep=0> + <title>Tcl Variables For Command Line Options</title> + + <tgroup cols=3 align="char" rowsep=1 colsep=0> + <thead><row> + <entry>runtest</entry><entry>Tcl</entry> + <entry>option</entry><entry>variable</entry><entry>description</entry> + </row></thead> + <tbody> + + <row> + <entry>--all</entry> + <entry>all_flag</entry> + <entry>display all test results if set</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--baud</entry> + <entry>baud</entry> + <entry>set the default baud rate to something other than + 9600.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--connect</entry> + <entry>connectmode</entry> + <entry><command>rlogin</command>, + <command>telnet</command>, <command>rsh</command>, + <command>kermit</command>, <command>tip</command>, or + <command>mondfe</command></entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--outdir</entry> + <entry>outdir</entry> + <entry>directory for <filename>tool.sum</filename> and + <filename>tool.log.</filename></entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--objdir</entry> + <entry>objdir</entry> + <entry>directory for pre-compiled binaries</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--reboot</entry> + <entry>reboot</entry> + <entry>reboot the target if set to + <emphasis>"1"</emphasis>; do not reboot if set to + <emphasis>"0"</emphasis> (the default).</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--srcdir</entry> + <entry>srcdir</entry> + <entry>directory of test subdirectories</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--strace</entry> + <entry>tracelevel</entry> + <entry>a number: Tcl trace depth</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--tool</entry> + <entry>tool</entry> + <entry>name of tool to test; identifies init, test subdir</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--verbose</entry> + <entry>verbose</entry> + <entry>verbosity level. As option, use multiple times; as + variable, set a number, 0 or greater.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--target</entry> + <entry>target_triplet</entry> + <entry>The canonical configuration string for the target.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--host</entry> + <entry>host_triplet</entry> + <entry>The canonical configuration string for the host.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>--build</entry> + <entry>build_triplet</entry> + <entry>The canonical configuration string for the build + host.</entry> + </row> + + </tbody> + </tgroup> + </table> + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=personal xreflabel="Personal Config File"> + <title>Personal Config File</title> + + <para>The personal config file is used to customize + <command>runtest's</command> behaviour for each person. It's + typically used to set the user prefered setting for verbosity, + and any experimental Tcl procedures. My personal + <filename>~/.dejagnurc</filename> file looks like:</para> + + <example> + <title>Personal Config File</title> + + <programlisting> + set all_flag 1 + set RLOGIN /usr/ucb/rlogin + set RSH /usr/local/sbin/ssh + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>Here I set <symbol>all_flag</symbol> so I see all the test + cases that PASS along with the ones that FAIL. I also set + <symbol>RLOGIN</symbol> to the BSD version. I have + <productname>Kerberos</productname> installed, and when I rlogin + to a target board, it usually isn't supported. So I use the non + secure version rather than the default that's in my path. I also + set <symbol>RSH</symbol> to the <productname>SSH</productname> + secure shell, as rsh is mostly used to test unix + machines within a local network here.</para> + + </sect1> + + </chapter> + + <chapter id=Extending xreflabel="Extending DejaGnu"> + <title>Extending DejaGnu</title> + + <sect1 id=addsuite xreflabel="Adding a new Test Suite"> + <title>Adding A New Test Suite</title> + + <para>The testsuite for a new tool should always be located in that tools + source directory. DejaGnu require the directory be named + <filename>testsuite</filename>. Under this directory, the test cases go + in a subdirectory whose name begins with the tool name. For example, for + a tool named <emphasis>flubber</emphasis>, each subdirectory containing + testsuites must start with <emphasis>"flubber."</emphasis>.</para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=addtool xreflabel="Adding A New Tool"> + <title>Adding A New Tool</title> + + <para>In general, the best way to learn how to write (code or even prose) + is to read something similar. This principle applies to test cases and + to test suites. Unfortunately, well-established test suites have a way + of developing their own conventions: as test writers become more + experienced with DejaGnu and with Tcl, they accumulate more utilities, + and take advantage of more and more features of + <productname>Expect</productname> and <productname>Tcl</productname> in + general.</para> + + <para>Inspecting such established test suites may make the prospect of + creating an entirely new test suite appear overwhelming. Nevertheless, + it is quite straightforward to get a new test suite going.</para> + + <para>There is one test suite that is guaranteed not to grow more + elaborate over time: both it and the tool it tests were created expressly + to illustrate what it takes to get started with DejaGnu. The + <filename>example/</filename> directory of the DejaGnu distribution + contains both an interactive tool called <command>calc</command>, and a + test suite for it. Reading this test suite, and experimenting with it, + is a good way to supplement the information in this section. (Thanks to + Robert Lupton for creating calc and its test suite---and also the first + version of this section of the manual!)</para> + + <para>To help orient you further in this task, here is an outline of the + steps to begin building a test suite for a program example.</para> + + <itemizedlist mark=bullet> + + <listitem><para>Create or select a directory to contain your new + collection of tests. Change into that directory (shown here as + <filename>testsuite</filename>):</para> + + <para>Create a <filename>configure.in</filename> file in this directory, + to control configuration-dependent choices for your tests. So far as + DejaGnu is concerned, the important thing is to set a value for the + variable <symbol>target_abbrev</symbol>; this value is the link to the + init file you will write soon. (For simplicity, we assume the + environment is Unix, and use <emphasis>unix</emphasis> as the + value.)</para> + + <para>What else is needed in <filename>configure.in</filename> depends on + the requirements of your tool, your intended test environments, and which + configure system you use. This example is a minimal configure.in for use + with <productname>GNU Autoconf</productname>. </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Create <filename>Makefile.in</filename> (if you are using + Autoconf), or <filename>Makefile.am</filename>(if you are using + Automake), the source file used by configure to build your + <filename>Makefile</filename>. If you are using GNU Automake.just add the + keyword <emphasis>dejagnu</emphasis> to the + <emphasis>AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS</emphasis> variable in your + <filename>Makefile.am</filename> file. This will add all the Makefile + support needed to run DejaGnu, and support the <xref linkend=makecheck> + target.</para> + + <para>You also need to include two targets important to DejaGnu: + <emphasis>check</emphasis>, to run the tests, and + <emphasis>site.exp</emphasis>, to set up the Tcl copies of + configuration-dependent values. This is called the <xref linkend=local> + The check target must run the <command>runtest</command> program to + execute the tests.</para> + + <para>The <filename>site.exp</filename> target should usually set up + (among other things) the $tool variable for the name of your program. If + the local site.exp file is setup correctly, it is possible to execute the + tests by merely typing <command>runtest</command> on the command + line.</para> + + <example> + <title>Sample Makefile.in Fragment</title> + + <programlisting> + # Look for a local version of DejaGnu, otherwise use one in the path + RUNTEST = `if test -f $(top_srcdir)/../dejagnu/runtest; then \ + echo $(top_srcdir) ../dejagnu/runtest; \ + else \ + echo runtest; \ + fi` + + # The flags to pass to runtest + RUNTESTFLAGS = + + # Execute the tests + check: site.exp all + $(RUNTEST) $(RUNTESTFLAGS) \ + --tool <symbol>${example}</symbol> --srcdir $(srcdir) + + # Make the local config file + site.exp: ./config.status Makefile + @echo "Making a new config file..." + -@rm -f ./tmp? + @touch site.exp + + -@mv site.exp site.bak + @echo "## these variables are automatically\ + generated by make ##" > ./tmp0 + @echo "# Do not edit here. If you wish to\ + override these values" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "# add them to the last section" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set host_os ${host_os}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set host_alias ${host_alias}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set host_cpu ${host_cpu}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set host_vendor ${host_vendor}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set target_os ${target_os}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set target_alias ${target_alias}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set target_cpu ${target_cpu}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set target_vendor ${target_vendor}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set host_triplet ${host_canonical}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set target_triplet ${target_canonical}">>./tmp0 + @echo "set tool binutils" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set srcdir ${srcdir}" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set objdir `pwd`" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "set <symbol>${examplename}</symbol> <symbol>${example}</symbol>" >> ./tmp0 + @echo "## All variables above are generated by\ + configure. Do Not Edit ##" >> ./tmp0 + @cat ./tmp0 > site.exp + @sed < site.bak \ + -e '1,/^## All variables above are.*##/ d' \ + >> site.exp + -@rm -f ./tmp? + + </programlisting> + </example> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>Create a directory (in <filename>testsuite</filename>) + called <filename>config</filename>. Make a <emphasis>Tool Init + File</emphasis> in this directory. Its name must start with the + <symbol>target_abbrev</symbol> value, or be named + <filename>default.exp</filename> so call it + <filename>config/unix.exp</filename> for our Unix based example. This + is the file that contains the target-dependent procedures. + Fortunately, on Unix, most of them do not have to do very much in + order for <command>runtest</command> to run.</para> + + <para>If the program being tested is not interactive, you can get + away with this minimal <filename>unix.exp</filename> to begin + with:</para> + + <example> + <title>Simple Batch Program Tool Init File</title> + + <programlisting> + + proc foo_exit {} {} + proc foo_version {} {} + + </programlisting> + </example> + + <para>If the program being tested is interactive, however, you might + as well define a <emphasis>start</emphasis> routine and invoke it by + using an init file like this:</para> + + <example> + <title>Simple Interactive Program Tool Init File</title> + + <programlisting> + + proc foo_exit {} {} + proc foo_version {} {} + + proc foo_start {} { + global ${examplename} + spawn ${examplename} + expect { + -re "" {} + } + } + + # Start the program running we want to test + foo_start + + </programlisting> + </example> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>Create a directory whose name begins with your tool's + name, to contain tests. For example, if your tool's name is + <emphasis>gcc</emphasis>, then the directories all need to start with + <emphasis>"gcc."</emphasis>.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Create a sample test file. Its name must end with + <filename>.exp</filename>. You can use + <filename>first-try.exp</filename>. To begin with, just write there a + line of Tcl code to issue a message.</para> + + <example> + <title>Testing A New Tool Config</title> + + <programlisting> + + send_user "Testing: one, two...\n" + + </programlisting> + </example> + </listitem> + + <listitem><para>Back in the <filename>testsuite</filename> (top + level) directory, run <command>configure</command>. Typically you do + this while in the build directory. You may have to specify more of a + path, if a suitable configure is not available in your execution + path.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>e now ready to triumphantly type <command>make + check</command> or <command>runtest</command>. You should see + something like this:</para> + + <example> + <title>Example Test Case Run</title> + + <screen> + Test Run By rhl on Fri Jan 29 16:25:44 EST 1993 + + === example tests === + + Running ./example.0/first-try.exp ... + Testing: one, two... + + === example Summary === + + </screen> + </example> + + <para>There is no output in the summary, because so far the example + does not call any of the procedures that establish a test + outcome.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Write some real tests. For an interactive tool, you + should probably write a real exit routine in fairly short order. In + any case, you should also write a real version routine + soon. </para></listitem> + + </itemizedlist> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=addtarget xreflabel="Adding A New Target"> + <title>Adding A New Target</title> + + <para>DejaGnu has some additional requirements for target support, beyond + the general-purpose provisions of configure. DejaGnu must actively + communicate with the target, rather than simply generating or managing + code for the target architecture. Therefore, each tool requires an + initialization module for each target. For new targets, you must supply + a few Tcl procedures to adapt DejaGnu to the target. This permits + DejaGnu itself to remain target independent.</para> + + <para>Usually the best way to write a new initialization module is to + edit an existing initialization module; some trial and error will be + required. If necessary, you can use the @samp{--debug} option to see what + is really going on.</para> + + <para>When you code an initialization module, be generous in printing + information controlled by the <function>verbose</function> + procedure.</para> + + <para>For cross targets, most of the work is in getting the + communications right. Communications code (for several situations + involving IP networks or serial lines) is available in a DejaGnu library + file.</para> + + <para>If you suspect a communication problem, try running the connection + interactively from <productname>Expect</productname>. (There are three + ways of running <productname>Expect</productname> as an interactive + interpreter. You can run <productname>Expect</productname> with no + arguments, and control it completely interactively; or you can use + <command>expect -i</command> together with other command-line options and + arguments; or you can run the command <command>interpreter</command> from + any <productname>Expect</productname> procedure. Use + <command>return</command> to get back to the calling procedure (if any), + or <command>return -tcl</command> to make the calling procedure itself + return to its caller; use <command>exi</command>t or end-of-file to leave + Expect altogether.) Run the program whose name is recorded in + <symbol>$connectmode</symbol>, with the arguments in + <symbol>$targetname</symbol>, to establish a connection. You should at + least be able to get a prompt from any target that is physically + connected.</para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=addboard xreflabel="Adding A New Board"> + <title>Adding A New Board</title> + + <para>Adding a new board consists of creating a new board config + file. Examples are in + <filename>dejagnu/baseboards</filename>. Usually to make a new + board file, it's easiest to copy an existing one. It is also + possible to have your file be based on a + <emphasis>baseboard</emphasis> file with only one or two + changes needed. Typically, this can be as simple as just + changing the linker script. Once the new baseboard file is done, + add it to the <symbol>boards_DATA</symbol> list in the + <filename>dejagnu/baseboards/Makefile.am</filename>, and regenerate the + Makefile.in using automake. Then just rebuild and install DejaGnu. You + can test it by:</para> + + <para>There is a crude inheritance scheme going on with board files, so + you can include one board file into another, The two main procedures used + to do this are <function>load_generic_config</function> and + <function>load_base_board_description</function>. The generic config file + contains other procedures used for a certain class of target. The + board description file is where the board specfic settings go. Commonly + there are similar target environments with just different + processors.</para> + + <example> + <title>Testing a New Board Config File</title> + + <screen> + make check RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board=<emphasis>newboardfile</emphasis>". + </screen> + </example> + + <para>Here's an example of a board config file. There are + several <emphasis>helper procedures</emphasis> used in this + example. A helper procedure is one that look for a tool of files + in commonly installed locations. These are mostly used when + testing in the build tree, because the executables to be tested + are in the same tree as the new dejagnu files. The helper + procedures are the ones in square braces + <emphasis>[]</emphasis>, which is the Tcl execution characters.</para> + + <example> + <title>Example Board Config File</title> + + <programlisting> + + # Load the generic configuration for this board. This will define a basic + # set of routines needed by the tool to communicate with the board. + load_generic_config "sim" + + # basic-sim.exp is a basic description for the standard Cygnus simulator. + load_base_board_description "basic-sim" + + # The compiler used to build for this board. This has *nothing* to do + # with what compiler is tested if we're testing gcc. + set_board_info compiler "[find_gcc]" + + # We only support newlib on this target. + # However, we include libgloss so we can find the linker scripts. + set_board_info cflags "[newlib_include_flags] [libgloss_include_flags]" + set_board_info ldflags "[newlib_link_flags]" + + # No linker script for this board. + set_board_info ldscript "-Tsim.ld"; + + # The simulator doesn't return exit statuses and we need to indicate this. + set_board_info needs_status_wrapper 1 + + # Can't pass arguments to this target. + set_board_info noargs 1 + + # No signals. + set_board_info gdb,nosignals 1 + + # And it can't call functions. + set_board_info gdb,cannot_call_functions 1 + + </programlisting> + </example> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=boarddefs xreflabel="Board File Values"> + <title>Board Config File Values</title> + + <para>These fields are all in the <symbol>board_info</symbol> These are + all set by using the <function>set_board_info</function> procedure. The + parameters are the field name, followed by the value to set the field + to.</para> + + <para><table frame=all rowsep=0 colsep=0> + <title>Common Board Info Fields</title> + + <tgroup cols=3 align="char" rowsep=1 colsep=0> + <thead><row> + <entry>Field</entry> + <entry>Sample Value</entry> + <entry>Description</entry> + </row></thead> + <tbody> + + <row> + <entry>compiler</entry> + <entry>"[find_gcc]"</entry> + <entry>The path to the compiler to use.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>cflags</entry> + <entry>"-mca"</entry> + <entry>Compilation flags for the compiler.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>ldflags</entry> + <entry>"[libgloss_link_flags] [newlib_link_flags]"</entry> + <entry>Linking flags for the compiler.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>ldscript</entry> + <entry>"-Wl,-Tidt.ld"</entry> + <entry>The linker script to use when cross compiling.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>libs</entry> + <entry>"-lgcc"</entry> + <entry>Any additional libraries to link in.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>shell_prompt</entry> + <entry>"cygmon>"</entry> + <entry>The command prompt of the remote shell.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>hex_startaddr</entry> + <entry>"0xa0020000"</entry> + <entry>The Starting address as a string.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>start_addr</entry> + <entry>0xa0008000</entry> + <entry>The starting address as a value.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>startaddr</entry> + <entry>"a0020000"</entry> + <entry></entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>exit_statuses_bad</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + <entry>Whether there is an accurate exit status.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>reboot_delay</entry> + <entry>10</entry> + <entry>The delay between power off and power on.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>unreliable</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + <entry>Whether communication with the board is unreliable.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>sim</entry> + <entry>[find_sim]</entry> + <entry>The path to the simulator to use.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>objcopy</entry> + <entry>$tempfil</entry> + <entry>The path to the <command>objcopy</command> program.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>support_libs</entry> + <entry>"${prefix_dir}/i386-coff/"</entry> + <entry>Support libraries needed for cross compiling.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>addl_link_flags</entry> + <entry>"-N"</entry> + <entry>Additional link flags, rarely used.</entry> + </row> + + </tbody> + </tgroup> + </table> + </para> + + <para>These fields are used by the GCC and GDB tests, and are mostly + only useful to somewhat trying to debug a new board file for one of + these tools. Many of these are used only by a few testcases, and their + purpose is esoteric. These are listed with sample values as a guide to + better guessing if you need to change any of these.</para> + + <para><table frame=all rowsep=0 colsep=0> + <title>Board Info Fields For GCC & GDB</title> + + <tgroup cols=3 align="char" rowsep=1 colsep=0> + <thead><row> + <entry>Field</entry> + <entry>Sample Value</entry> + <entry>Description</entry> + </row></thead> + <tbody> + + <row> + <entry>strip</entry> + <entry>$tempfile</entry> + <entry>Strip the executable of symbols.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_load_offset</entry> + <entry>"0x40050000"</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_protocol</entry> + <entry>"remote"</entry> + <entry>The GDB debugging protocol to use.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_sect_offset</entry> + <entry>"0x41000000";</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_stub_ldscript</entry> + <entry>"-Wl,-Teva-stub.ld"</entry> + <entry>The linker script to use with a GDB stub.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_init_command</entry> + <entry>"set mipsfpu none"</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb,cannot_call_functions</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + <entry>Whether GDB can call functions on the target,</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb,noargs</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + <entry>Whether the target can take command line arguments.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb,nosignals</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + <entry>Whether there are signals on the target.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb,short_int</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb,start_symbol</entry> + <entry>"_start";</entry> + <entry>The starting symbol in the executable.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb,target_sim_options</entry> + <entry>"-sparclite"</entry> + <entry>Special options to pass to the simulator.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb,timeout</entry> + <entry>540</entry> + <entry>Timeout value to use for remote communication.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_init_command</entry> + <entry>"print/x \$fsr = 0x0"</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_load_offset</entry> + <entry>"0x12020000"</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_opts</entry> + <entry>"--command gdbinit"</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_prompt</entry> + <entry>"\\(gdb960\\)"</entry> + <entry>The prompt GDB is using.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_run_command</entry> + <entry>"jump start"</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gdb_stub_offset</entry> + <entry>"0x12010000"</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>use_gdb_stub</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + <entry>Whether to use a GDB stub.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>use_vma_offset</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>wrap_m68k_aout</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gcc,no_label_values</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gcc,no_trampolines</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gcc,no_varargs</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>gcc,stack_size</entry> + <entry>16384</entry> + <entry>Stack size to use with some GCC testcases.</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>ieee_multilib_flags</entry> + <entry>"-mieee";</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>is_simulator</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>needs_status_wrapper</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>no_double</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>no_long_long</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>noargs</entry> + <entry>1</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>nullstone,lib</entry> + <entry>"mips-clock.c"</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>nullstone,ticks_per_sec</entry> + <entry>3782018</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>sys_speed_value</entry> + <entry>200</entry> + </row> + + <row> + <entry>target_install</entry> + <entry>{sh-hms}</entry> + </row> + + </tbody> + </tgroup> + </table> + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=writing xreflabel="Writing A Test Case"> + <title>Writing A Test Case</title> + + <para>The easiest way to prepare a new test case is to base it + on an existing one for a similar situation. There are two major + categories of tests: batch or interactive. Batch oriented tests + are usually easier to write.</para> + + <para>The GCC tests are a good example of batch oriented tests. + All GCC tests consist primarily of a call to a single common + procedure, Since all the tests either have no output, or only + have a few warning messages when successfully compiled. Any + non-warning output is a test failure. All the C code needed is + kept in the test directory. The test driver, written in Tcl, + need only get a listing of all the C files in the directory, and + compile them all using a generic procedure. This procedure and a + few others supporting for these tests are kept in the library + module <filename>lib/c-torture.exp</filename> in the GCC test + suite. Most tests of this kind use very few + <productname>expect</productname> features, and are coded almost + purely in Tcl.</para> + + <para>Writing the complete suite of C tests, then, consisted of + these steps:</para> + + <itemizedlist mark=bullet> + <listitem><para>Copying all the C code into the test directory. + These tests were based on the C-torture test created by Torbjorn + Granlund (on behalf of the Free Software Foundation) for GCC + development.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Writing (and debugging) the generic Tcl procedures for + compilation.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Writing the simple test driver: its main task is to + search the directory (using the Tcl procedure + <emphasis>glob</emphasis> for filename expansion with wildcards) + and call a Tcl procedure with each filename. It also checks for + a few errors from the testing procedure.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para>Testing interactive programs is intrinsically more + complex. Tests for most interactive programs require some trial + and error before they are complete.</para> + + <para>However, some interactive programs can be tested in a + simple fashion reminiscent of batch tests. For example, prior + to the creation of DejaGnu, the GDB distribution already + included a wide-ranging testing procedure. This procedure was + very robust, and had already undergone much more debugging and + error checking than many recent DejaGnu test cases. + Accordingly, the best approach was simply to encapsulate the + existing GDB tests, for reporting purposes. Thereafter, new GDB + tests built up a family of Tcl procedures specialized for GDB + testing.</para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=debugging xreflabel="Debugging A Test Case"> + <title>Debugging A Test Case</title> + + <para>These are the kinds of debugging information available + from DejaGnu:</para> + + <itemizedlist mark=bullet> + + <listitem><para>Output controlled by test scripts themselves, + explicitly allowed for by the test author. This kind of + debugging output appears in the detailed output recorded in the + DejaGnu log file. To do the same for new tests, use the + <command>verbose</command> procedure (which in turn uses the + variable also called <emphasis>verbose</emphasis>) to control + how much output to generate. This will make it easier for other + people running the test to debug it if necessary. Whenever + possible, if <emphasis>$verbose</emphasis> is + <emphasis>0</emphasis>, there should be no output other than the + output from <emphasis>pass</emphasis>, + <emphasis>fail</emphasis>, <emphasis>error</emphasis>, and + <emphasis>warning</emphasis>. Then, to whatever extent is + appropriate for the particular test, allow successively higher + values of <emphasis>$verbose</emphasis> to generate more + information. Be kind to other programmers who use your tests: + provide for a lot of debugging information.</para> + + <listitem><para>Output from the internal debugging functions of + Tcl and <productname>Expect</productname>. There is a command + line options for each; both forms of debugging output are + recorded in the file <filename>dbg.log</filename> in the current + directory.</para> + + <para>Use <option>--debug</option> for information from the + expect level; it generates displays of the expect attempts to + match the tool output with the patterns specified. This output + can be very helpful while developing test scripts, since it + shows precisely the characters received. Iterating between the + latest attempt at a new test script and the corresponding + <filename>dbg.log</filename> can allow you to create the final + patterns by ``cut and paste''. This is sometimes the best way + to write a test case.</para> + + <listitem><para>Use <option>--strace</option> to see more + detail at the Tcl level; this shows how Tcl procedure + definitions expand, as they execute. The associated number + controls the depth of definitions expanded.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Finally, if the value of + <emphasis>verbose</emphasis> is 3 or greater,DejaGnu turns on + the expect command <command>log_user</command>. This command + prints all expect actions to the expect standard output, to the + detailed log file, and (if <option>--debug</option> is on) to + <filename>dbg.log</filename>.</para> + </itemizedlist> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=adding xreflabel="Adding A Test Case To A Test Suite"> + <title>Adding A Test Case To A Test Suite.</title> + + <para>There are two slightly different ways to add a test + case. One is to add the test case to an existing directory. The + other is to create a new directory to hold your test. The + existing test directories represent several styles of testing, + all of which are slightly different; examine the directories for + the tool of interest to see which (if any) is most suitable.</para> + + <para>Adding a GCC test can be very simple: just add the C code + to any directory beginning with <filename>gcc</filename>. and it + runs on the next <programlisting>runtest --tool + gcc</programlisting>.</para> + + <para>To add a test to GDB, first add any source code you will + need to the test directory. Then you can either create a new + expect file, or add your test to an existing one (any + file with a <emphasis>.exp</emphasis> suffix). Creating a new + .exp file is probably a better idea if the test is significantly + different from existing tests. Adding it as a separate file also + makes upgrading easier. If the C code has to be already compiled + before the test will run, then you'll have to add it to the + <filename>Makefile.in</filename> file for that test directory, + then run <command>configure</command> and + <command>make</command>.</para> + + <para>Adding a test by creating a new directory is very + similar:</para> + + <itemizedlist mark=bullet> + + <listitem><para>Create the new directory. All subdirectory names + begin with the name of the tool to test; e.g. G++ tests might be + in a directory called <filename>g++.other</filename>. There can + be multiple test directories that start with the same tool name + (such as <emphasis>g++</emphasis>).</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Add the new directory name to the + <symbol>configdirs</symbol> definition in the + <filename>configure.in</filename> file for the test suite + directory. This way when <command>make</command> and + <command>configure</command> next run, they include the new + directory.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Add the new test case to the directory, as + above. </para> + + <listitem><para>To add support in the new directory for + configure and make, you must also create a + <filename>Makefile.in</filename> and a + <filename>configure.in</filename>.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=hints xreflabel="Hints On Writing A Test Case"> + <title>Hints On Writing A Test Case</title> + + <para>It is safest to write patterns that match all the output + generated by the tested program; this is called closure. + If a pattern does not match the entire output, any output that + remains will be examined by the next <command>expect</command> + command. In this situation, the precise boundary that determines + which <command>expect</command> command sees what is very + sensitive to timing between the Expect task and the task running + the tested tool. As a result, the test may sometimes appear to + work, but is likely to have unpredictable results. (This problem + is particularly likely for interactive tools, but can also + affect batch tools---especially for tests that take a long time + to finish.) The best way to ensure closure is to use the + <option>-re</option> option for the <command>expect</command> + command to write the pattern as a full regular expressions; then + you can match the end of output using a <emphasis>$</emphasis>. + It is also a good idea to write patterns that match all + available output by using <emphasis>.*\</emphasis> after the + text of interest; this will also match any intervening blank + lines. Sometimes an alternative is to match end of line using + <emphasis>\r</emphasis> or <emphasis>\n</emphasis>, but this is + usually too dependent on terminal settings.</para> + + <para>Always escape punctuation, such as <emphasis>(</emphasis> + or <emphasis>"</emphasis>, in your patterns; for example, write + <emphasis>\(</emphasis>. If you forget to escape punctuation, + you will usually see an error message like <programlisting>extra + characters after close-quote.</programlisting></para> + + <para>If you have trouble understanding why a pattern does not + match the program output, try using the <option>--debug</option> + option to <command>runtest</command>, and examine the debug log + carefully.</para> + + <para>Be careful not to neglect output generated by setup rather + than by the interesting parts of a test case. For example, + while testing GDB, I issue a send <emphasis>set height + 0\n</emphasis> command. The purpose is simply to make sure GDB + never calls a paging program. The <emphasis>set + height</emphasis> command in GDB does not generate any + output; but running any command makes GDB issue a new + <emphasis>(gdb) </emphasis> prompt. If there were no + <command>expect</command> command to match this prompt, the + output <emphasis>(gdb) </emphasis> begins the text seen by the + next <command>expect</command> command---which might make that + pattern fail to match.</para> + + <para>To preserve basic sanity, I also recommended that no test + ever pass if there was any kind of problem in the test case. To + take an extreme case, tests that pass even when the tool will + not spawn are misleading. Ideally, a test in this sort of + situation should not fail either. Instead, print an error + message by calling one of the DejaGnu procedures + <command>error</command> or <command>warning</command>.</para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id=tvariables xreflabel="Test Case Variables"> + <title>Special variables used by test cases.</title> + + <para>There are special variables used by test cases. These contain + other information from DejaGnu. Your test cases can use these variables, + with conventional meanings (as well as the variables saved in + <filename>site.exp</filename>. You can use the value of these variables, + but they should never be changed.</para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term>$prms_id</term> + <listitem><para>The tracking system (e.g. GNATS) number identifying + a corresponding bugreport. (<emphasis>0</emphasis>} if you do not + specify it in the test script.)</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>$item bug_id</term> + <listitem><para>An optional bug id; may reflect a bug + identification from another organization. (<emphasis>0</emphasis> + if you do not specify it.)</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>$subdir</term> + <listitem><para>The subdirectory for the current test + case.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>$expect_out(buffer)</term> + <listitem><para>The output from the last command. This is an + internal variable set by Expect. More information can be found in + the Expect manual.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>$exec_output</term> + <listitem><para>This is the output from a + <function>${tool}_load</function> command. This only applies to + tools like GCC and GAS which produce an object file that must in + turn be executed to complete a test.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term>$comp_output</term> + <listitem><para>This is the output from a + <function>${tool}_start</function> command. This is conventionally + used for batch oriented programs, like GCC and GAS, that may + produce interesting output (warnings, errors) without further + interaction.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + + </sect1> + +</chapter> + |