path: root/docs/reference/how-to/recipes.asciidoc

[[recipes]]
== Recipes

[float]
[[mixing-exact-search-with-stemming]]
=== Mixing exact search with stemming

When building a search application, stemming is often a must as it is desirable
for a query on `skiing` to match documents that contain `ski` or `skis`. But
what if a user wants to search for `skiing` specifically? The typical way to do
this would be to use a <<multi-fields,multi-field>> in order to have the same
content indexed in two different ways:

[source,js]
--------------------------------------------------
PUT index
{
  "settings": {
    "analysis": {
      "analyzer": {
        "english_exact": {
          "tokenizer": "standard",
          "filter": [
            "lowercase"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "mappings": {
    "type": {
      "properties": {
        "body": {
          "type": "text",
          "analyzer": "english",
          "fields": {
            "exact": {
              "type": "text",
              "analyzer": "english_exact"
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

PUT index/type/1
{
  "body": "Ski resort"
}

PUT index/type/2
{
  "body": "A pair of skis"
}

POST index/_refresh
--------------------------------------------------
// CONSOLE

With such a setup, searching for `ski` on `body` would return both documents:

[source,js]
--------------------------------------------------
GET index/_search
{
  "query": {
    "simple_query_string": {
      "fields": [ "body" ],
      "query": "ski"
    }
  }
}
--------------------------------------------------
// CONSOLE
// TEST[continued]

[source,js]
--------------------------------------------------
{
  "took": 2,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 2,
    "max_score": 0.25811607,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "index",
        "_type": "type",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": 0.25811607,
        "_source": {
          "body": "A pair of skis"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "index",
        "_type": "type",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 0.25811607,
        "_source": {
          "body": "Ski resort"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
--------------------------------------------------
// TESTRESPONSE[s/"took": 2,/"took": "$body.took",/]

On the other hand, searching for `ski` on `body.exact` would only return
document `1` since the analysis chain of `body.exact` does not perform
stemming.

[source,js]
--------------------------------------------------
GET index/_search
{
  "query": {
    "simple_query_string": {
      "fields": [ "body.exact" ],
      "query": "ski"
    }
  }
}
--------------------------------------------------
// CONSOLE
// TEST[continued]

[source,js]
--------------------------------------------------
{
  "took": 1,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 0.25811607,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "index",
        "_type": "type",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 0.25811607,
        "_source": {
          "body": "Ski resort"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
--------------------------------------------------
// TESTRESPONSE[s/"took": 1,/"took": "$body.took",/]

This is not something that is easy to expose to end users, as we would need to
have a way to figure out whether they are looking for an exact match or not and
redirect to the appropriate field accordingly. Also what to do if only parts of
the query need to be matched exactly while other parts should still take
stemming into account?

Fortunately, the `query_string` and `simple_query_string` queries have a feature
that solve this exact problem: `quote_field_suffix`. This tell Elasticsearch
that the words that appear in between quotes are to be redirected to a different
field, see below:

[source,js]
--------------------------------------------------
GET index/_search
{
  "query": {
    "simple_query_string": {
      "fields": [ "body" ],
      "quote_field_suffix": ".exact",
      "query": "\"ski\""
    }
  }
}
--------------------------------------------------
// CONSOLE
// TEST[continued]

[source,js]
--------------------------------------------------
{
  "took": 2,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 0.25811607,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "index",
        "_type": "type",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 0.25811607,
        "_source": {
          "body": "Ski resort"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
--------------------------------------------------
// TESTRESPONSE[s/"took": 2,/"took": "$body.took",/]

In the above case, since `ski` was in-between quotes, it was searched on the
`body.exact` field due to the `quote_field_suffix` parameter, so only document
`1` matched. This allows users to mix exact search with stemmed search as they
like.

[float]
[[consistent-scoring]]
=== Getting consistent scoring

The fact that Elasticsearch operates with shards and replicas adds challenges
when it comes to having good scoring.

[float]
==== Scores are not reproducible

Say the same user runs the same request twice in a row and documents do not come
back in the same order both times, this is a pretty bad experience isn't it?
Unfortunately this is something that can happen if you have replicas
(`index.number_of_replicas` is greater than 0). The reason is that Elasticsearch
selects the shards that the query should go to in a round-robin fashion, so it
is quite likely if you run the same query twice in a row that it will go to
different copies of the same shard.

Now why is it a problem? Index statistics are an important part of the score.
And these index statistics may be different across copies of the same shard
due to deleted documents. As you may know when documents are deleted or updated,
the old document is not immediately removed from the index, it is just marked
as deleted and it will only be removed from disk on the next time that the
segment this old document belongs to is merged. However for practical reasons,
those deleted documents are taken into account for index statistics. So imagine
that the primary shard just finished a large merge that removed lots of deleted
documents, then it might have index statistics that are sufficiently different
from the replica (which still have plenty of deleted documents) so that scores
are different too.

The recommended way to work around this issue is to use a string that identifies
the user that is logged is (a user id or session id for instance) as a
<<search-request-preference,preference>>. This ensures that all queries of a
given user are always going to hit the same shards, so scores remain more
consistent across queries.

This work around has another benefit: when two documents have the same score,
they will be sorted by their internal Lucene doc id (which is unrelated to the
`_id` or `_uid`) by default. However these doc ids could be different across
copies of the same shard. So by always hitting the same shard, we would get
more consistent ordering of documents that have the same scores.

[float]
==== Relevancy looks wrong

If you notice that two documents with the same content get different scores or
that an exact match is not ranked first, then the issue might be related to
sharding. By default, Elasticsearch makes each shard responsible for producing
its own scores. However since index statistics are an important contributor to
the scores, this only works well if shards have similar index statistics. The
assumption is that since documents are routed evenly to shards by default, then
index statistics should be very similar and scoring would work as expected.
However in the event that you either
 - use routing at index time,
 - query multiple _indices_,
 - or have too little data in your index
then there are good chances that all shards that are involved in the search
request do not have similar index statistics and relevancy could be bad.

If you have a small dataset, the easiest way to work around this issue is to
index everything into an index that has a single shard
(`index.number_of_shards: 1`). Then index statistics will be the same for all
documents and scores will be consistent.

Otherwise the recommended way to work around this issue is to use the
<<dfs-query-then-fetch,`dfs_query_then_fetch`>> search type. This will make
Elasticsearch perform an inital round trip to all involved shards, asking
them for their index statistics relatively to the query, then the coordinating
node will merge those statistics and send the merged statistics alongside the
request when asking shards to perform the `query` phase, so that shards can
use these global statistics rather than their own statistics in order to do the
scoring.

In most cases, this additional round trip should be very cheap. However in the
event that your query contains a very large number of fields/terms or fuzzy
queries, beware that gathering statistics alone might not be cheap since all
terms have to be looked up in the terms dictionaries in order to look up
statistics.