[[painless-specification]]
== Painless Language Specification

Painless uses a Java-style syntax that is similar to Groovy. In fact, most
Painless scripts are also valid Groovy, and simple Groovy scripts are typically
valid Painless. This specification assumes you have at least a passing
familiarity with Java and related languages.

Painless is essentially a subset of Java with some additional scripting
language features that make scripts easier to write. However, there are some
important differences, particularly with the casting model. For more detailed
conceptual information about the basic constructs that Java and Painless share,
refer to the corresponding topics in the
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/index.html[Java Language
Specification].

Painless scripts are parsed and compiled using the http://www.antlr.org/[ANTLR4]
and http://asm.ow2.org/[ASM] libraries. Painless scripts are compiled directly
into Java byte code and executed against a standard Java Virtual Machine. This
specification uses ANTLR4 grammar notation to describe the allowed syntax.
However, the actual Painless grammar is more compact than what is shown here.

[float]
[[comments]]
==== Comments

Painless supports both single-line and multi-line comments. You can include
comments anywhere within a script.

Single-line comments are preceded by two slashes: `// comment`. They can be
placed anywhere on a line. All characters from the two slashes to the end of
the line are ignored.

Multi-line comments are preceded by a slash-star `/*` and closed by
star-slash `*/`. Multi-line comments can start anywhere on a line. All
characters from the opening `/*` to the closing `*/` are ignored.

*Examples:*

[source,Java]
----
// single-line comment

<code> // single-line comment

/* multi-
   line
   comment */

<code> /* multi-line
          comment */ <code>

<code> /* multi-line comment */ <code>
----

[float]
[[keywords]]
==== Keywords

Painless reserves the following keywords for built-in language features.
These keywords cannot be used used in other contexts, such as identifiers.

[cols="^1,^1,^1,^1,^1"]
|====
| if | else | while | do | for
| in | continue | break | return | new
| try | catch | throw | this | instanceof
|====

include::painless-literals.asciidoc[]
include::painless-variables.asciidoc[]
include::painless-types.asciidoc[]
include::painless-operators.asciidoc[]